Note: List of entries is preliminary and may change prior to publication.
I
Indian Ocean
Travel Writing
Barbosa,
Duarte, The Book of Duarte
Barbosa [1518], translated
by Mansel Longworth Dames, 2 vols, 1918[-]21; reprinted, 1967
Brito, Bernardo Gomes de, História Trágico-Marítima, 2 vols, 1735[-]36;
selection, as The Tragic
History of the Sea, 1589[-]1622, translated with an introduction
by C.R. Boxer, 1959; and as Further
Selections from the Tragic History of the Sea, 1559[-]1565,
translated with an introduction by C.R. Boxer, 1968
Castro, João de, Obras completas [Complete works], edited
by Armando Cortesão and Luís de Albuquerque, 4 vols, 1968[-]82
Galvão, António, Tratado dos descobrimentos, 1563; as The Discoveries of the World, translated
with an introduction by Charles R. Drinkwater, 1862
Linschoten, Jan Huygen van, Itinerario, 1598; as The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to
the East Indies, translated with an introduction and notes
by A.C. Burnell and P.A. Tiele, 1885
Pires, Tomé and Franciso Rodrigues,
The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires and the Book
of Francisco Rodrigues, translated with an introduction and
notes by Armando Cortesão, 1944
Velho, Álvaro, Roteiro da primeira viagem de Vasco da Gama, 1838; as A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama
1497[-]1499, translated with an introduction by E.G. Ravenstein,
1898
Further Reading
Albuquerque, Luís de, Os Descobrimentos Portugueses [The Portuguese
Discoveries], Lisbon: Alfa, 1983
Bouchon, Geneviève, L’Asie du sud à l’époque des Grandes Découvertes
[South Asia in the Age of Discovery], London: Variorum, 1987
Boxer, C.R., Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415[-]1825, London: Hutchinson, and New
York: Knopf, 1969; reprinted, Manchester: Carcanet, 1991
Das Gupta, Ashin and M.N. Pearson (editors),
India and the Indian Ocean
1500[-]1800, Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, Madras and New York:
Oxford University Press, 1987
Lach, Donald F. and Edwin J. van Kley,
Asia in the Making of Europe, vol. 3, books 1[-]4: A Century of Advance, Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1965-93
Penrose, Boies, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420[-]1620, Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, 1952; 2nd edition, 1955
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500[-]1700,
London and New York: Longman, 1993
Indian Ocean: Post-Exploration
Travel Writing
Barnard, Frederick Lamport, A Three Years’ Cruise in the Mozambique Channel
for the Suppression of the Slave Trade, 1848; with an introduction
by D.H. Simpson, 1969
Beaton, Patrick, Creoles and Coolies; or, Five Years in Mauritius,
1859
Bélanger, Charles, Voyage aux Indes-Orientales … pendant les années
1825[-]29, 1834
The account of a botanical and zoological
expedition in places including Europe, the Caucasus, Persia, Java,
the islands of the Indian Ocean.
Belcher, Edward, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World in
Her Majesty’s Ship “Sulphur”,
during the Years 1836[-]1842, Including Details of Naval Operations
in China from December 1840 to November 1841, 1843
Belcher, Edward, Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Samarang, during the Years 1843[-]46, Employed
in Surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago: Accompanied
by a Brief Vocabulary of the Principal Languages, 1848
Blanchad, Frederic Georges, Escoles chez les pecheurs de perles: Arabia,
Zanzibar, Maldives, Ceylan, 1946
A travel based account of shellfish
and pearl fisheries of the Indian Ocean.
Bohan, Henry, Voyage aux Indes Orientales: coup d’oeil sur leur importance politique
et commerciale; recherches sur differentes origines, 1866
Brunet, Pierre, Voyage a l’Île de France, dans l’Inde et, en Angleterre: suivi de mémoires
sur les Indiens, sur les vents des mers de l’Inde, 1825
Conan Doyle, Adrian, Heaven Has Claws, 1952
An escape from the tedium of modern
life in big game fishing around Zanzibar and the Comoros.
Coppinger, R.W., Cruise of the “Alert”: Four Years in Patagonian,
Polynesian and Mascarene Waters, 1883
Cole, Jean, Trimaran against the Trades, with appendix and sketches by George
Cole, 1969
The story of a family’s journey on
a homemade trimaran from Mombasa to New Zealand.
Colomb, Philip Howard, Slave-Catching in the Indian Ocean: a Record
of Naval Experiences, 1873; reprinted, 1968
Courret, Charles, A l’est et a l’ouest dans l’Ocean Indien,
1884
Darwin, Charles, “Journal and Remarks,
1832[-]1836” in Narrative
of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle, …, vol. 3,
1939; as Journal of Researches
into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries
Visited During the Voyage of HMS Beagle
round the World, 1906; as Charles
Darwin’s Diary of the Voyage of HMS Beagle, edited by Nora
Barlow from the MS, 1933
Devereux, W. Cope, A Cruise in the “Gorgon”; or, Eighteen Months on HMS “Gorgon”, Engaged in the Suppression
of the Slave Trade on the East Coast of Africa, Including a Trip
up the Zambesi with Dr Livingstone, 1869
Fawzi, Husayn, Sindibad ‘asri jawlat fi al-Muhit al-Hindi, 1938; as Un Sindbad moderne, translated from Arabic
by Diane Potier-Boès, 1988
Fitzgerald, William Walter Augustine,
Travels in the Coastlands
of British East Africa and the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba:
Their Agricultural Resources and General Characteristics,
1898; reprinted, 1970
Hamilton, Ian, A Jaunt in a Junk: a Ten Days’ Cruise in Indian Seas, 1884
Morrison, Elizabeth (editor), Jane Penelope’s Journal: Being the Unique Record
of the Voyages of a Sea Captain’s Wife in the Indian Ocean and
Persian Gulf in the Opening Years of the Nineteenth Century,
1995
An interesting alternative to the numerous
contemporary male accounts of maritime life in the Indian Ocean.
Massias, H., Un Voyage dans les mers de l’Inde: Scenes de la Vie Maritime, 1868
Nicoll, M.J., Three Voyages of a Naturalist: Being an Account of Many Little-Known Islands
in Three Oceans Visited by the “Valhalla”
RYS, 1908
Nunn, John, Narrative of the Wreck of the “Favourite” on the Island of Desolation:
Detailing the Adventures, Sufferings, and Privations of John Nunn:
An Historical Account of the Island, and Its Whale And Seal Fisheries
…, edited by W.B. Clarke, 1850
Ommanney, F.D., Shoals of Capricorn, 1952
A bored civil servant returns to the
scene of his naval service seeking escape from modernity in fishing
boats around the Seychelles and Mascarenes.
Owen, W.F.W., Narrative of Voyages to Explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia and Madagascar,
Performed in HM Ships
“Leven” and “Barracouta” under the Direction of Captain W.F.W.
Owen RN, 2 vols, 1833
The information packed journals of
Owen and his senior officers
Prior, James, Voyage along the Eastern Coast of Africa to Mosambique, Johanna, and Quiloa,
to St Helena, to Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Pernambuco in Brazil,
in the Nisus Frigate, 1819
Prior, James, Narrative of a Voyage in the Indian Seas in the Nisus Frigate to the Cape
of Good Hope, Isles of Bourbon, France, and Seychelles, to Madras,
and the Isles of Java, St Paul, and Amsterdam, during the years
1810 and 1811, 1820
Invited by the rulers of the Comoros
to provide protection from Madagascan raiders, Prior uses his
experiences to help expunge as thoroughly as possible the “blot
upon our knowledge” of the region
Rees, Coralie and Leslie Rees, Westward from Cocos: Indian Ocean Travels,
1956
Roy, Alexander, The Cruise of the “Raider Wolf”, 1939
The autobiography of a prisoner of
war on the German ship Wolf,
which sunk or captured seven Allied ships in the Indian Ocean
during World War I.
Severin, Tim, The Sindbad Voyage, 1982
The epic story of reconstructing the
ship, routes and legend of Sindbad the Sailor
Spry, W.J.J., The Cruise of Her Majesty’s Ship “Challenger”: Voyages over Many Seas,
Scenes in Many Lands, 1876
A general readers’ companion to the
scientific reports of the first extended oceanographic expedition
around the world
Sulivan, G.L., Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa: Narrative
of Five Years’ Experiences in the Suppression of the Slave Trade,
1873
Travis, William, Beyond the Reefs, 1959
Travis, William, Shark for Sale, 1961
Villiers, A.J., Whaling in the Frozen South: Being the Story of the 1923[-]24 Norwegian
Whaling Expedition to the Antarctic, 1925
A very engaging book about Villiers’
experiences as a young Australian journalist writing about whaling
in the seas south of Tasmania
Villiers, Alan, Cruise of the “Conrad”: A Journal of a Voyage round the World Undertaken
and Carried Out in the Ship “Joseph Conrad”, 212 Tons, in the
Years 1934, 1935, and 1936 by way of Good Hope, the South Seas,
the East Indies, and Cape Horn, 1937
Villiers, Alan, Sons of Sindbad: An Account of Sailing with the Arabs in their Dhows,
in the Red Sea, round the Coasts of Arabia, and to Zanzibar and
Tanganyika; Pearling in the Persian Gulf; and the Life of the
Shipmasters and Mariners of Kuwait, 1940
Villiers, Alan, Monsoon Seas, 1952; as The Indian
Ocean, 1952
Further Reading
Gotthold, Julia J. and Donald W. Gotthold,
Indian Ocean, Oxford
and Santa Barbara, California: Clio Press, 1988 (World Bibliographical
Series, vol. 85)
Jones, S. (editor), Bibliography of the Indian Ocean, Mandapam
Camp: Marine Biological Association of India, 1971
Martin, Esmond Bradley and Chryssee
Perry Martin, foreword by Elspeth Huxley, Cargoes
of the East: The Ports, Trade, and Culture of the Arabian Seas
and Western Indian Ocean, London: Elm Tree, 1978
Toussaint, Auguste, History of the Indian Ocean, translated
by June Guicharnaud, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, and Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1966
Woodcock, George, The British in the Far East, London: Weidenfeld
and Nicolson, and New York: Atheneum, 1969
Chapter 8, “The Way to the East”, describes
conditions for passengers on 19th-century ships and provides a
number of quotations from men and women en route to colonial postings.
Indian Ocean Islands
Travel Writing
Avine, Grégoire, Les Voyages du chirurgien Avine à l’Île de
France et dans la Mer des Indes au début du XIXe siècle, 1961
Sensitive observations of people, plants
and animals by a French naval surgeon in Mauritius in the early
19th century.
Backhouse, James, A Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and
South Africa, 1844
Barnard, Frederick Lamport, A Three Years’ Cruise in the Mozambique Channel
for the Suppression of the Slave Trade, 1848; with an introduction
by D.H. Simpson, 1969
Bartram, Lady Alfred, Recollections of Seven Years Residence at the
Mauritius; or, The Isle of France, 1830
A story of colonial hardship and failure
Beaton, Patrick, Creoles and Coolies; or, Five Years in Mauritius,
1859
A missionary’s attempt to engage concern
for the “spiritual destitution” of the former slaves and labourers
of the Mauritius.
Billiard, Auguste, Voyage aux colonies orientales ou; lettres
écrites dea îles de France et de Bourbon pendant les anées, 1817,
1818, 1819 et 1920…, 1822
Clifton, V.M., A Pilgrim to Isles of Penance, 1911
A woman’s story of ministering to the
Andaman prisoners
Cole, Jean, Trimaran against the Trades, 1968
The story of a family’s journey on
a homemade trimaran from Mombasa to New Zealand, stopping at the
Seychelles, Diego Garcia, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas
Island.
Conan Doyle, Adrian, Heaven Has Claws, 1952
An escape from the drudgery of life
in big game fishing around Zanzibar and the Comoros.
Conrad, Joseph, “A Smile of Fortune”
in ’Twixt Land And Sea,
1912
Based on Conrad’s visit to Mauritius
in command of the Otago
Cook, James, Voyages Round the World, Undertaken And Performed by Royal Authority:
Captain Cook’s First, Second, Third And Last Voyages, edited
by G.W. Anderson, 1786; as The
Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery,
edited by J.C. Beaglehole, 3 vols, 1955[-]67
Crozet, Julien Marie, Nouveau voyage a la mer du sud, commence sous
les ordres de Marion …, 1783; as
Crozet’s Voyage to Tasmania, New Zealand, the Ladrone Islands,
and the Philippines in the Years 1771[-]1772, translated by
H. Ling Roth, 1891
The account of the voyage on which
Marion, Prince Edward and the Crozet Islands were discovered.
Darwin, Charles, “Journal and Remarks,
1832[-]1836” in Narrative
of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships
“Adventure” and “Beagle”, …, by Robert Fitzroy, vol. 3, 1939;
as Journal of Researches into the Geology and
Natural History of the Various Countries Visited during the Voyage
of HMS Beagle round the World, 1906; edited by Nora Barlow
from the MS as Charles Darwin’s Diary of the Voyage of
HMS Beagle, 1933
Du Quesne, Abraham, Journal du voyage de Duquesne aux Indes Orientales,
par un garde-marine servant sur son escadre, 1692; translated
as A New Voyage to the East
Indies in the Years 1690 And 1691: Being a Full Description of
the Isles of Maldives, Cocos, Andamants; …, 1696
Dussercle, Royer, Archipel de Chagos en mission, 1934
An account of a missionary’s appointment
to the Chagos Archipelago, including a number of Creole songs.
Evans, Hugh B., “A Voyage to Kerguélen
in the Sealer Edward
in 1897[-]98”, Polar Record,
16/105 (1973): 789[-]91
The account of a young assistant naturalist
in the islands of the Southern Sea
Evans, Hugh, B., “The Southern Cross Expedition, 1898[-]1900”,
Polar Record, 17/106
(1974): 23[-]30
Flemyng, Francis, Mauritius, or, The Isle of France: Being an
Account of the Island, its History, Geography, Products, and Inhabitants,
1862
A missionary’s account of Mauritius.
Fleming, Ian, “Hildebrand’s Rarity”,
1958
Flinders, Matthew, Voyage to Terra Australis, undertaken for the
Purpose of Completing the Discovery of that Vast Country, and
Prosecuted in the Years 1801, 1802, 1814
Containing an account of Flinders’s
detention in Mauritius where he was suspected as a spy by French
authorities who believed he was sailing too small a ship to be
so famous and explorer, even though Flinders made his reputation
charting the Australian coast in a tiny boat.
Guignes, Chrétien Louis Joseph de,
Voyages à Pékin, Manille et l’Île de France,
1808
Relates the voyages of the French consul
to Canton between 1784 and 1801
Harmann, Robert, Madagaskar und die Inseln, Seychellen, Aldabra,
Komoren un Maskarenen, 1886
Heyerdahl, Thor, The Maldive Mystery, 1986
Hoffmann, Johann Christian, Reise nach dem Kaplande, nach Mauritius und
nach Java: 1671[-]1676, 1676
Ibn Battuta, Travels of Ibn Battuta ad 1325[-]1354, translated by H.A.R.
Gibb, 5 vols, 1958[-]2000 (vol. 4 with C.F. Beckingham)
Kerguélen-Trémarec, Yves-Joseph de,
Relation de deux voyages dans les mers australes
et les des Indes faits en 1771, 1772, 1773, et 1774, 1782
Kloss, C. Baden, In the Andamans and Nicobars: The Narrative
of a Cruise in the Schooner, 1903; as In
the Andamans and Nicobars: Adventures, in Ethnology and Natural
History, with an introduction by Walter E.J. Tips, 1995
Leguat, François, Voyage et aventures de François Leguat et des
ses compagnons en deux isles desertes des Indes Orientales,
1708; translated as The
Voyage of François Leguat of Bresse to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java,
and the Cape of Good Hope, 1708
Leigh, W.H., Reconnoitering Voyages and Travels: With Adventures in the New Colonies
of South Australia … Including Visits to the Nicobar and Other
Islands of the Indian Seas, 1839
Mackenzie, Compton, All over the Place: Fifty Thousand Miles by
Sea, Air, Road and Rail, 1948
Malim, Michael, Island of the Swan: Mauritius, 1952
A travel account mixed with history
Mockford, Julian, Pursuit of an Island, 1950
Mouat, Frederic John, Adventures and Researches among the Amdaman
Islanders, 1863; as The
Andaman Islanders, 1979
Nunn, John, Narrative of the Wreck of the “Favourite” on the Island of Desolation:
Detailing the Adventures, Sufferings, and Privations of John Nunn;
an Historical Account of the Island, And its Whale and Seal Fisheries
…, edited by W.B. Clarke, 1850
Ogilby, John, Africa: Being Accurate Description of the Regions of … with all the Adjacent
Islands … Their Customs, Modes, And Manners, Languages, Religions,
And Inexhaustible Treasure, 1670
Oliver, Samuel Pasfield, On and off Duty: Being Leaves from an Officer’s
Note-Book, 1881
“The rough scribblings and jottings
in note and sketch books made by the Author when a young subaltern
of artillery” stationed in the Mascarenes, Madagascar and other
places.
Ommanney, F.D. The Shoals of Capricorn, 1952
A bored civil servant returns to the
scene of his wartime naval service, seeking escape from modern
drudgery on fishing boats around the Seychelles and Mascarenes.
Ozanne, J.A.F., Coconuts and Créoles, 1936
A jaded colonialist’s warning to those
who fantasise romantically about island paradises like the Seychelles.
Polo, Marco, Marci Pauli de Venecijs de consuetudinibus et condicionibus orientalium
regionum, 1485, as The
Travels of Marco Polo, translated and edited by Ronald Latham,
1958
Prior, James, Narrative of a Voyage in the Indian Seas in the Nisus Frigate to the Cape
of Good Hope, Isles of Bourbon, France, and Scychelles, to Madras,
and the Isles of Java, St Paul, and Amsterdam, during the Years
1810 and 1811, 1820
Prosperi, Franco, Vanished Continent: An Italian Expedition to
the Comoro Islands, translated from the Italian by David Moore,
1957
A group of young Italian friends search
for zoological clues to the submerged land bridge from Africa
to Madagascar.
Pyrard
de Laval, François, The
Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives,
the Moluccas and Brazil, translated from the 3rd French edition
of 1619, and edited by Albert Gray, 2 vols, 1887[-]90
Rees, Coralie and Leslie Rees, Westward from Cocos: Indian Ocean Travels,
1956
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, Voyage à l’Île de France: un officier du roi
à l’Île Maurice, 1768[-]1770, 1773; edited by Yves Benot,
1983
See also Paul et Virginie (1789) which is based on Bernardin de Saint-Pierre’s
time in Mauritius
Savarkar, V.D., The Story of My Transportation for Life, 1950
Scholes, William Arthur, Fourteen Men: The Story of the Australian Antarctic
Expedition to Heard Island, 1951
Spry, W.J.J., The Cruise of Her Majesty’s Ship Challenger: Voyages over Many Seas, Scenes
in Many Lands, 1876
Temple, Philip, The Sea and the Snow: The South Indian Ocean Expedition to Heard Island,
1966
The story of a private expedition to
film a documentary of the climbing of Big Ben Mountain on Heard
Island
Thomas, Athol, Forgotten Eden: A View of the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean,
1968
Tilman, H.W., Mischief among the Penguins, 1961
Travis, William, Beyond the Reefs, 1959
Travis, William, Shark for Sale, 1961
Vaidya, Suresh, Islands of the Marigold Sun, 1960
Van Neck, Jacob, De Viende Shipvaart der Nederlanders naar Oost-Indië
onder Jacok Wilkens en Jacob van Neck, 1599[-]1604; translated
as A True Report of the
Gainefull, Prosperous and Speedy Voiage to Java in The East Indies,
Performed by a Fleete of Eight Ships of Amsterdam, …, 1599;
as The Iournall, or Dayly Register, Contayning a True Manifestation And Historicall
Declaration of The Voyage …, 1601
The account of the voyage during which
Mauritius was first named.
Waugh, Alec, Where the Clocks Strike Twice: A Travel Book, 1951; as Where the Clocks Chime Twice, 1952
The title is inspired by the cathedral
clock in the Seychelles that always chimes twice.
Williams, James Howard, The Spotted Deer, 1957
A Kiplingesque story of hunting and
travelling in the Andaman Islands.
Further Reading
Gotthold, Julia J. and Donald W. Gotthold,
Indian Ocean, Oxford
and Santa Barbara, California: Clio Press, 1988 (World Bibliographical
Series, vol. 85)
Jones, S. (editor), Bibliography of the Indian Ocean, Mandapam
Camp: Marine Biological Association of India, 1971
Joubert, Jean-Louis and Jean-Irénée
Ramiandrasoa, Littératures
de l’Océan Indien, Vanves: EDICEF, 1991
Lionnet, Guy, The Seychelles, Newton Abbot, Devon: David and Charles, and Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania: Stackpole, 1972
Malten, Thomas, Malediven und Lakkadiven: Materialien zur Bibliographie der Atolle im
Indischen Ozean, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1983
Moorehead, Alan, Darwin and the Beagle, London: Hamish Hamilton,
and New York: Harper and Row, 1969
Toussaint, A. and H. Adolphe, Bibliography of Mauritius, 1502[-]1954,
Port Louis, Mauritius: Esclopon, 1956
Toussaint, Auguste, History of the Indian Ocean, translated
by June Guicharnaud, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, and Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1966
Villiers, Alan, The Indian Ocean, London: Museum Press, 1952
Indian Sub-continent:Up to 1500
Travel
Writing
Arrian,
Arrian, translated by P.A. Brunt, 2 vols,
1976[-]83 (Loeb edition)
Anonymous,
The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, translated
from the Greek by William Vincent, 2 vols, 1797; as The Commerce and Navigation of the Erythrean
Sea, translated from the Greek by J.W. McCrindle 1879; as
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, translated
from the Greek by G.W.B. Huntingford, 1980; The Periplus Maris Erythraei, translated from the Greek by Lionel
Casson, 1989
Al-Biruni,
Alberuni’s India, translated from the Arabic
by Edward C. Sachau, 2 vols, 1888
Cosmas
Indicopleustes, The Christian
Topography of Cosmas: An Egyptian Monk, translated from the
Greek by J.W. McCrindle, 1897; also translated by E.O. Winstedt,
1909
Fa-Hsien, Travels
of Fah-Hian and Sung-Yun, Buddhist Pilgrims, from China to India
(400 a.d. and 518 a.d.), translated from the Chinese by Samuel Beal, 1869;
reprinted, 1964
Fa-Hsien, A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms:
Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fâ-hien of His Travels in
India and Ceylon (a.d.
399[-]414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline,
edited and translated from the Chinese by James Legge, 1886; reprinted,
1965
Fa-Hsien, The
Travels of Fa-hsien (399[-]
414 a.d.) or Record of the Buddhistic Kingdom,
translated from the Chinese by Herbert Allen Giles, 1923; reprinted
1956 and 1981
Fa-Hsien, A Record of the Buddhist Countries, translated from the Chinese by
Li Yung-hsi, 1957
Fa-Hsien, Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, from the Chinese
of Hiuen Tsiang (a.d.
629), translated by Samuel Beal, 2 vols, 1884
Hanno,
The Periplus of Hanno: A Voyage of Discovery
Down the West African Coast, translated from the Greek by
Wilfred H. Schoff, 1912
Hui
Li, The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui
Li, translated from the Chinese by Samuel Beal, 1911; reprinted,
1998
Hui
Li, The Life of Hsuan-Tsang: The Tripitaka-Master
of the Great Tzu En Monastery, translated from the Chinese
by Li Yung-hsi, 1959
Ibn
Battuta, Travels of Ibn
Battuta, ad 1325[-]1354, translated by H.A.R.
Gibb, vol. 3, 1971
Includes
Turkestan, Khurasan, Sindh, Northwest India and Delhi, with an
account of the reign of Sultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq
Ibn
Battuta, Travels of Ibn
Battuta, ad 1325[-]1354, vol. 4, translated
by H.A.R. Gibbs and C.F. Beckingham, 1994
Includes
south India, South-East Asia, China, Morocco, Spain and West Africa.
I-Ching, A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised
in India and the Malay Archipelago (a.d.
671[-]695), translated from the Chinese by Junjiro Takakusu,
1896
Al-Idrisi,
India and the Neighboring Territories as Described
by the Sharif al-Idrisi in his Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi’khtiraq
al-’afaq of al-Sharif al-Idrisi, translated from the Arabic
by S. Maqbul Ahmad, 1954
Jordanus
de Severac, Mirabilia Descripta:
The Wonders of the East, translated by Henry Yule, 1863
Mandeville,
John, Mandeville’s Travels:
Texts and Translations, edited by Malcolm Letts, 2 vols, 1953
Megasthenes, Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes
and Arrian, translated by J.W. McCrindle, 1877; reprinted
with new notes by R.C. Majumdar, 1960; reprinted with a new introduction,
notes and index by Ramchandra Jain, 1972
Nikitin,
Afanasii, Afanasy Nikitin’s
Voyage beyond Three Seas, 1960
Contains
the Old Russian text with translations in modern Russian, Hindi,
and English
Odoric
of Pordenone, Cathay and
the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China,
translated and edited by Henry Yule, 2 vols, 1866; 2nd edition
revised by Henri Cordier, 4 vols, 1913[-]16
Philostratus,
The Life of Apollonius of
Tyana, translated by F.C. Conybeare, 2 vols, 1912
Polo,
Marco, The Book of Ser Marco
Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the
East, translated by Henry Yule, 1871; enlarged edition, 1875; revised
by Henri Cordier, 2 vols, 1903[-]20
Shboul,
Ahmad M.H., Al-Mas‛ūdī
and His World: A Muslim Humanist and His Interest in Non-Muslims,
1979
Further Reading
Cary,
Max and E.H. Warmington, The
Ancient Explorers, London: Methuen, and New York: Dodd Mead,
1929; revised edition, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963
Chaube,
Ram Kumar, India as told
by the Muslims, Varanasi: Prithivi, 1969
Grousset,
René, In the Footsteps of
the Buddha, translated by Mariette Léon, London: Routledge,
1932; translated by J.A. Underwood, New York: Grossman, 1971
Karttunen,
Klaus, India and the Hellenistic
World, Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society, 1997
Karttunen,
Klaus, India in Early Greek
Literature, Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society, 1989
Khan,
M.A. Saleem, Early Muslim
Perception of India and Hinduism, New Delhi: South Asian Publishers,
1997
M’Crindle,
John Watson, Ancient India
as Described in Classical Literature, London: A. Constable,
1901; reprinted, Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1971
Majumdar,
R.C., The Classical Accounts
of India, Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1960
Nainar,
S. Muhammad Husayn, Arab
Geographers’ Knowledge of Southern India, Madras: University
of Madras, 1942
Oaten,
Edward Farley, European
Travellers in India, London: Kegan Paul, 1909; reprinted,
New York: AMS Press, 1971
Rawlinson,
H.G., Intercourse between
India and the Western World, 2nd edition, London: Cambridge
University Press, 1926; New York: Octagon Books, 1971
Sedlar,
Jean W., India and the Greek
World: A Study in the Transmission of Culture, Totowa, New
Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980
Srivastava,
Ashok Kumar, India as Described
by the Arab Travellers, Buxipur, Gorakhpur: Sahitya Sansar,
1967
Warmington,
E.H., The Commerce between
the Roman Empire and India, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1928; 2nd edition, reprinted, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal,
1995
Iran
Travel
Writing
Dates
in the annotations, all ad unless otherwise indicated, refer to the date of travel as
far as is possible to ascertain, rather than to date of composition
or author’s death -- with earlier literature, this is often problematic.
Abd
al-Razzaq Samarkandi, Matla’
al-sa’dain [Rising of the Two Fortunate Stars]; as “Narrative
of the Voyage of Abd-er-Razzak”, translated by R.H. Major, in
India in the Fifteenth Century, edited by R.H. Major, 1857
The
1442 embassy to India from Herat via Hormuz when the author was
30, and the famous embassy to China.
Abu
Dulaf Mish’ar al-Khazraji, Abu
Dulaf Mis’ar ibn Muhalhi’s Travels in Iran, circa ad
950, edited and
translated by V. Minorsky, 1955
The
second trip to northwest Iran; only excerpts of Abu Dulaf’s Aja’ib al-Buldan [Wonders of the Lands] survive in later works; he travelled from Hejaz through north Iran
to Afghanistan, Tibet, and India in the first half of the 10th
century, probably a decade or two before 950 as he is said to
have died in 941.
Albuquerque,
Afonso de, Commentarios, 1557, enlarged edition, 1576; as The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque,
translated by Walter de Grey Birch, 4 vols, 1875[-]84, reprinted,
1970
The
conquering Portuguese navigator Albuquerque visited Hormuz in
1507, capturing it in 1515, and the Portuguese remained there
until 1622, “out-flanking Islam by sea” to have access to the
trade of India (see The Book of Duarte Barbosa).
Allemagne,
Henry René d’, Du Khorassan
au Pays des Backhtiaris [From Khorasan to Bakhtyari
Country], 4 vols, 1911
Trip
in 1906 by an art collector.
Arrian, The
Life of Alexander the Great, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt,
1958; also as History of
Alexander and Indica, translated by P.A. Brunt, 2 vols, 1976[-]83
(Loeb edition)
The
Anabasis, the classic account of Alexander
of Macedon’s campaign to conquer the East (331[-]324 bc), including the burning of Persepolis
(330 bc) -- though
the latter lamentable incident was more accurately reported by
Diodorus Siculus in his World
History.
Barbaro,
Giosafat and Ambrogio Contarini, I
viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, edited by L. Lockhart, 1973; as Travels
to Tana and Persia by Josafa Barbaro and Ambrogio Contarini,
translated by William Thomas and S [i.e. E].A. Roy, edited by
Lord Stanley of Alderley, 1873; reprinted, 1963
Venetian
embassy in pursuit of a military alliance with Uzun Hasan Aq-Qoyunlu
to outflank the Ottoman Turks and expand trade. Barbaro, who spoke
Turkish, travelled to Tabriz and on to Hormuz in 1473.
Bell,
Gertrude, Safar nameh: Persian
Pictures, 1894; as Persian Pictures, 1928, 3rd edition, 1947
The
1892 péché de jeunesse of the future translator
of Hafez and doyenne of inter-war Baghdad and Mideast intelligence.
Bell,
John, of Antermony, Travels
from St Petersburg in Russia to Diverse Parts of Asia,
2 vols, 1763; selection, as A
Journey from St Petersburg to Pekin, edited by J.L. Stevenson,
1965
Bell
went to Russia aged 23 as Peter the Great’s physician in 1714,
and travelled to Iran in 1719[-]22 where he witnessed the last
days of Safavid rule before the Afghan invasion.
Benjamin
of Tudela, The Itinerary
of Benjamin of Tudela, edited and translated by Marcus Nathan
Adler, 1907; with an introduction by Michael A. Signer, 1983
Jewish
traveller in 1160 who gave en passant some statistics of the Jewish
community in Iran.
Benjamin,
S.G.W., Persia and the Persians, 1887
Account
by the US consul in Iran in the 1880s.
Binning,
Robert B.M., A Journal of
Two Years’ Travel in Persia, Ceylon etc.,
2 vols, 1857
Bird,
Isabella Lucy, Journeys
in Persia and Kurdistan,
2 vols, 1891; reprinted, 1988[-]89
An
example of the physical endurance style of travel literature,
frank in its distaste for local life. Long-term spinster and recent
widow, nearing 60 with chronic back-pain, Mrs Bishop set out to
travel with a young cartographer of the Indian Army Intelligence
in 1890, by Lynch steamer to Baghdad, by horse over the Zagros
mountains in winter to Kangavar, Kerinanshah and Tehran, and back
over the mountains to Lake Van.
Blunt,
Wilfrid, Pietro’s Pilgrimage:
A Journey to India and Back at the Beginning of the Seventeenth
Century, 1953
An
attractive, accessible account of Pietro della Valle and his journeys.
Blunt,
Wilfrid, A Persian Spring, 1957
Bouvier,
Nicolas, L’Usage du monde, drawings by Thierry Vernet, 1963; as The Way of the World, translated by Robyn
Marsack, 1992
From
Geneva to the Khyber in 1953[-]54, the young writer and his artist
friend drive and find casual work; a bohemian account, fresh and
invigorating, with crisp humour that is never condescending.
Brittlebank,
William, Persia during the
Famine, 1873
Famines
were a recurrent calamity, last experienced on a wide scale at
the end of World War II; one of the uses of travellers’ accounts
is to see such disasters with the eyes of an outsider.
Browne,
Edward G., A Year amongst
the Persians, 1893; new edition, 1926, reprinted, 1984
Recently
graduated in medicine, Browne spent the year 1887[-]88 in Iran
pursuing metaphysical conversations with Persians both orthodox
and heterodox. He was exceptional in his fluency in spoken Persian,
his already wide knowledge of Persian literature and theosophy,
his sympathy for the people and his sharp eye for the self-seeking
character of much Western involvement with Iran -- qualities making
his one of the very best travel books, which dealt not only with
impersonal landscape and past monuments, but especially with the
living culture and actual social reality of the country.
Brugsch,
Heinrich, Reise der koeniglich
Preussischen Gesandschaft nach Persien 1860 und 1861, 2 vols, 1862[-]63
Official
orientalist on the only Prussian mission to Iran.
Bruijn,
Cornelis de, Voyages de
par la Moscovie en Perse et aux Indes Orientales,
2 vols, 1718; new edition, 3 vols, 1725; translated as Travels into Muscovy, Persia, and Part of the East Indies, 2 vols, 1737
Dutch
traveller in 1703.
Brydges,
Harford Jones, An Account
of the Transactions of His Majesty’s Mission to the Court of Persia, 2 vols, 1834
A
Welsh gentleman with neither the commanding presence nor the engaging
personality of Sir John Malcolm, whom he was appointed by the
London Foreign Office to replace. Brydges spoke some Persian after
residing in Baghdad. He reached Tehran in 1807 and by the time
he left in 1811 he had, in spite of initial disadvantages, managed
to extract a treaty agreement from Fath Ali Shah.
Bullard,
Reader, Letters from Tehran, 1991
Penetrating
observations by a senior British diplomat in World War II.
Byron,
Robert, The Road to Oxiana, 1937
Overland
architectural trip from Venice to Jerusalem, Baghdad, and over
to Kermanshah, Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Gonbad Qabus, Herat, and
Afghanistan in 1933[-]34. It is in deftly handled diary-jotting
form, personal, witty and serious, though distanced from the people
by Byron’s inability to speak their language.
Chardin,
John, Le Couronnement de
Soleïmaan Troisième, roy de Perse,
1671; facsimile, 1976
Chardin,
John, The Travels of Sir
John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies,
1686
Chardin,
John, Voyages… en Perse
et autres lieux de l’Orient, 10 vols, 1711; revised by L.
Langlès, 10 vols (and atlas), 1811
Chardin
travelled 1664[-]70 and again 1671[-]79. He learned Persian and
used his Persian experiences to mount a critique of Louis XIV’s
Catholic absolutism as well as to draw as complete a picture as
possible of the “other” country.
Clavijo,
Ruy González de, Historia
del Gran Tamorlan, 1782; as Narrative
of the Embassy or Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo … 1403[-]6, translated by Clements R. Markham, 1859; as Embassy to Tamerlane, translated by Guy Le Strange, 1928
The
Spanish embassy to Samarkand sent by King Henry III of Castile
was the culmination of a brief flurry of diplomatic activity prompted
by the defeat of the Ottomans at Ankara by Teimur “Lang” in 1402.
The ambassador Clavijo crossed northern Iran in 1404 via Khoy,
Tabriz, Sultaniya, Tehran, Neishapur, and Mashhad and is important
as a rare eyewitness account of European traders in the area and
of the elderly Central Asian tyrant shortly before he died.
Conti,
Niccolo dei, in Navigationi
et viaggi, edited by G.B. Ramusio, 3 vols, 1550[-]59 (facsimile
edited by R.K. Skelton, 3 vols, 1967[-]70); also in De
Varietate Fortunae, by Poggio Bracciolini, edited by Giovanni
Oliva, 1723; as “The Travels of Nicolo Conti”, translated by J.
Winter Jones, in India in the Fifteenth Century, edited
by R.H. Major, 1857
Travels
in the 1420s to Damascus, Baghdad, Hormuz, Qalhat, and the Malabar
coast. Conti returned to Florence in 1444 and dictated his travels
to the humanist Poggio Bracciolini. A corrupt version of the text
also survives in Purchas His Pilgrimes, 1625
Coryate,
Thomas, in Early Travels
in India, 1583[-]1691,
edited by William Foster, 1921; reprinted, 1985
After
publishing his Crudities
in 1611, Coryate set out to walk to India, passing from Aleppo
through Persia in 1614 and sending back four newsletters
to the wits that gathered at the Mermaid Tavern, including
Ben Jonson and John Donne; these were printed in 1615 as Thomas
Coriate Traveller for the English Wits: Greeting, with a woodcut
of him riding an elephant.
They are included in Purchas
His Pilgrimes, together with a letter to his mother giving
a transliteration of the begging speech he addressed in Persian
to Shah Jehan at Agra, much to the scandal of ambassador Sir Thomas
Roe, who spoke only Turkish and only realised what was happening
when the emperor threw down 100 silver coins to Coryate, who answered
the ambassador “in that stout and resolute manner after I had
ended my business, that he was content to cease nibbling at me,
that never had I more need of money in all my life.” From Jerusalem
to Ajmer, 2700 miles he “traced all this tardy way a-foote for
three pounds” relying, like later hippies, on the network of Islamic
hospitality to travel cheap. In Persia he met Sir Robert and Lady
Sherley who were carrying his books to while away the time. Coryate’s
travel notes were lost when he died at Surat.
Cronin,
Vincent, The Last Migration, 1957
Slightly fictionalized account of the forced sedentarization of the
Qashqai nomads by the Pahlavi regime.
Curzon,
George Nathaniel (Marquess Curzon of Kedleston), Persia and the Persian Question,
2 vols, 1892; reprinted, 1966
The
classic imperialist, Curzon visited Iran aged 30 in the winter
months of 1889[-]90, crossing the country from Quchan and Mashhad
in the northeast to Shiraz and Bushire in the southwest, travelling
hurriedly using the “chapar” post-horse system. He wrote articles
for the Times, as well
as preparing himself to master the subject in line with his political
ambition to become Viceroy of India. British interest in Persia
was still mainly a function of its Indian empire. Despite great
personal discomfort (he wore a steel corset for chronic back-pain),
Curzon was a keen observer and also remarkably thorough in his
research of earlier western travel literature; his largely political
interests and justified suspicions of Russian imperialism give
the book historical significance, but not much human warmth, as
he did not speak the language and his glacial sense of superiority
prevented him from ever engaging with local people. Selections
were edited by Peter King as Curzon’s Persia (1986), which is useful
chiefly for the inclusion of contemporary photographs.
De
Bode, C.A., Travels in Luristan
and Arabistan, 2 vols, 1841
Dehqani-Tafti,
H.B., The Hard Awakening, 1981
Converted
from Islam and married into the Anglican missionary establishment
in Isfahan, the bishop reflects on the collapse of the missionary
endeavour during the Islamic Revolution and on the murder of his
son.
della
Valle, Pietro, Delle conditioni
di Abbàs rè di Persia,
1628
The
account of the Persian monarchy, as seen at Ashraf on the Caspian
coast, was considered too favourable to non-Christian forms of
government and therefore put on the Index by the Inquisition.
della
Valle, Pietro, Viaggi di
Pietro della Valle il pellegrino,
vol. 2 (the Persian letters), 1658; a critical edition, restoring
passages altered by the papal censor, was started by Franco Gaeta
and Laurence Lockhart, but only vol.1 was published, as I
viaggi di Pietro della Valle: Lettere dalla Persia,
1972 (does not include the most interesting letters from Lar)
The
humanist nobleman Pietro della Valle left Italy after an inappropriate
love affair with a Benedictine nun in Naples and set off in 1614
with ample private means and a personal train including a painter
and a doctor, on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem -- hence his self-awarded
“il Pellegrino”. He continued his wanderings to Baghdad, reached
Isfahan in 1617 and remained in Iran until his wife’s death in
1622. His letters, selfconsciously written for publication, are
addressed to his friend Mario Schipano, arabist and medic in Naples.
Della Valle learned Turkish, Arabic, and Persian, making translations
from and into these languages, attempting verse and even a religious
polemic with Mir Damad, as well as collecting scientific Persian
manuscripts and copying cuneiform inscriptions.
Dieulafoy,
Jane, La Perse, la Chaldée,
et la Susiane: relation de voyage,
1887
Dieulafoy,
Marcel, L’Art antique de
la Perse, 5 vols, 1884[-]89
Diodorus
Siculus, Diodorus of Sicily,
translated by C.H. Oldfather et
al., 12 vols, 1933-67 (Loeb edition)
Dodwell,
Christina, A Traveller on
Horseback: In Eastern Turkey and Iran, 1987
A
“stunt” travel book.
Drouville,
Gaspard, Voyage en Perse,
pendant les années 1812 et 1813, 2 vols (and atlas), 1819[-]20
French
officer in the tsar’s army seconded to the British Military Mission.
Dunsterville,
L.C., The Adventures of
Dunsterforce, 1920
Dunsterville
raised militia to combat, among others, Mirza Kuchuk Khan in the
jungles of Mazanderan and the Bolshevik advance late in World
War I.
Eastwick,
Edward B., Journal of a
Diplomat’s Three Years’ Residence in Persia,
2 vols, 1864
Eastwick
translated Sa’di’s Golestan
into English in 1852.
Edmonds,
C.J., A Pilgrimage to Lalish, 1967
Travels among the Kurds, both Yezidi and Ahl-e-Haqq heterodox sects,
outside the strict geographic bounds of contemporary Iran.
Edwards,
A. Cecil, A Persian Caravan, 1928
Vignettes
of Persian life from the author’s long experience as resident
buyer in Hamadan from 1906 for the Oriental Carpet Manufacturers,
which also enabled him to produce his masterly The
Persian Carpet (1953).
Farman-Farmaian,
Sattareh, with Dora Munker, Daughter
of Persia: A Woman’s Journey from Her Father’s Harem through the
Islamic Revolution,
1992
Grandee
with a social conscience dictates her memoirs to American journalist;
this is a dignified and passionate book, among the best evocations
of the people and the country from the end of the Qajars in the
mid-1920s to the flight of the intelligentsia in the early 1980s.
Feuvrier,
Joannès, Trois ans à la
cour de Perse, Paris, 1899; new edition, 1906
Feuvrier
was Nasreddin Shah’s court doctor 1889[-]92.
Fidalgo,
Gregório Pereira, L’Ambassade
… à la cour de Chah Soltan Hosseyn 1696[-]1697, edited and
translated by Jean Aubin, 1971
Foster,
George, A Journey from Bengal
to England, 2 vols, 1798
Fowler,
George, Three Years in Persia, 2 vols, 1841
Francklin,
William, Observations Made
on a Tour from Bengal to Persia in the Years 1786[-]7, 1788;
2nd edition, 1790
Fraser,
James Baillie, Narrative
of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822, 1825; facsimile, 1984
Fraser,
James Baillie, A Winter’s
Journey from Constantinople to Tehran,
2 vols, 1838
Fraser
spoke little Persian, and went through a fake conversion in order
to see the shrine at Mashhad. His first book has a description
of the leaves of the giant “Baysunqur” Qur’an plundered by Nader
Shah’s troops from Samarkand and then kept in a shrine in Quchan.
(Fraser was a bibliophile and presented Safavid illuminated manuscripts
to the Bodleian Library, Oxford.) His second book is valuable
for the account of the 1831 plague and of the Turkmen of the Atrak
valley in 1834.
Fryer,
John, A New Account of East
India and Persia, in Eight Letters: Being Nine Years Travels,
Begun 1672 and Finished 1681, 1698; edited by William Crooke,
3 vols, 1909[-]15
Fryer
was in Iran for 18 months in 1677[-]78 on his way back from India,
travelling from the south coast at Gamru / Gombroon via Lar and
Shiraz to Isfahan. He spoke none of the local languages, but was
an educated observer.
Gabriel,
Alfons and Agnes Gabriel-Kummer, Durch
Persiens Wüsten, 1935
Gabriel,
Alfons and Agnes Gabriel-Kummer, Aus
den Einsamkeiten Irans,
1939
First-rate
Austrian geographer travelling through the southeastern deserts
of Iran.
Gardane,
Paul-Ange Louis de, Journal
d’un voyage dans la Turquie d’Asie et la Perse, fait en 1807 et
1808, 1809
Accompanied
his brother, Claude Mathieu de Gardane, on the French mission
to Fath Ali Shah Qajar, sent by Napoleon following the Treaty
of Finkenstein in 1807, which aimed to activate Iran against Russia
and Britain, and which in turn led to the Harford Jones Brydges
mission.
Gobineau,
Arthur de, Trois ans en
Asie, de 1855 à 1858,
1859; reprinted, 1922
Gobineau,
Arthur de, Les Religions
et les philosophies dans l’Asie Centrale,
1865; as Religions et
philosophies dans l’Asie centrale, 1933
The
fruit of his two diplomatic missions to Iran 1855[-]58 and 1861[-]63,
Gobineau’s books were greatly esteemed by E.G. Browne, especially
the latter for its account of the new sect of heroic Baha’i martyrs;
Gobineau was also one of the early writers to pay close attention
to the ta’zieh religious
theatre of Iran. His controversial speculations on the inherent
inequalities of races is of its period and should not discredit
the quality of this writing, which often, as in the anecdote of
the sceptic and the soldier, reaches Voltairian elegance and wit.
Goldsmid,
Frederic John, Telegraph
and Travel, 1874
Goldsmid,
Frederic John, Eastern Persia,
2 vols, 1876
A
brilliant linguist, Goldsmid was among the many Europeans who
were recruited to work for the British imperial administration,
serving in 1871[-]72 on the Makran[-]Seistan Boundary Commission;
previously (1861[-]70) he worked for the Indo-European Telegraph and travelled
intensively in the southeast of Iran between Chahbahar and Bam.
Guppy,
Shusha, The Blindfold Horse:
Memories of a Persian Childhood,
1988
Sentimental
evocation of middle-class childhood in Tehran by Iranian popular
singer resident in London.
Hakluyt,
Richard, The Principal Navigations,
Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, 2nd
edition, 3 vols, 1598[-]1600, reprinted, 12 vols, 1903[-]05
Monumental
collection of Elizabethan trading voyages; especially relevant
are those of Anthony Jenkinson (though his travels were mostly
in Russia and Central Asia); see also the accounts of Laurence
Chapman (1568), Arthur Edwards (1569), and Geoffrey Ducket (1573)
and the instructions to the dyer Morgan Hubblethorne (1579) to
find out the secrets of Persian colours for rugs and textiles.
Hanway,
Jonas, An Historical Account
of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea,
4 vols, 1753
Hanway
travelled to northern Iran in 1742[-]44 via Russia for the Muscovy
Company, to import raw silk and break the Russian monopoly of
Caspian trade, and incidentally witnessed the cruelty and chaos
of Nader Shah’s usurpation. Many moralizing reflections on, among
other topics, the Safavid erotic paintings at Ashraf. Portrait
of Hanway by Arthur Devis.
Hedin,
Sven, Eine Routenaufnahme
durch Ostpersien, 2 vols, 1918[-]27
Hedin,
Sven, Zu Land nach Indien
durch Persien, Seistan, Belutschistan,
2 vols, 1910; translated as Overland to India, 1910
The
great Swedish archaeological explorer was in Iran in 1890 with
the Swedish embassy in Tehran.
Hell,
Xavier Hommaire de, Voyage
en Turquie et en Perse,
4 vols, 1854[-]60
Contains
descriptions of the decayed Safavid palace of Farahabad at Ashraf
on the Caspian coast.
Herbert,
Thomas, A Relation of Some
Yeares Travaile, begunne Anno 1626,
1634, facsimile, 1971; abridged as Travels
in Persia, 1627[-]1629, edited by William Foster, 1928
Herbert
was sent on Charles I’s embassy to Persia under Sir Dodmore Cotton,
with Sir Robert Sherley who had suggested opening royal monopoly
trading to outflank the London merchants. The embassy was viewed
with little enthusiasm by the recently formed East India Company,
and the diplomacy was a failure. Nevertheless, Herbert took pains
to note all he saw and the 1634 edition of his book is the first
extensive account of Iran in English. (It also has an early mention
of coffee, which he drank at Gamru “a drink black as soot, thick
and strong-scented”, evidently brewed in the Turkish fashion.)
The book was so successful that Herbert spent the rest of his
life tinkering with it, bringing out new editions expanded with
extraneous material in 1638, 1665 and 1677, by which time it had
grown to four times its original size, and was consequently less
fresh than the first edition. His account can be supplemented
by two other memoirs of the embassy: by the Reverend Doctor Gooch,
the mission chaplain who took charge after the ambassador’s death,
and The Journal of Robert Stodart, edited by E.
Denison Ross (1935).
Herodotus,
Herodotus, translated by A.D. Godley, 4
vols, 1921[-]24 (Loeb edition, many reprints); also as The Histories, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, 1954
The
“Father of History” travelled widely in the mid-5th century bc to gather materials for his account of the wars between the
Persian empire and the Greek city states, but it is not certain
whether he actually visited Iran. He describes Susa, the winter
capital and the summer capital in the Median highlands, Ecbatana
with its coloured walls, and includes Median and Persian common
nouns and proper names and many social and ethnographic details.
His Iranian material, however, may well derive from Xanthus of
Lydia, an older contemporary who had direct experience of the
Persians.
Heude,
William, A Voyage up the
Persian Gulf, and a Journey Overland from India to England in
1817, 1819; facsimile, 1993
Hidayat,
Riza Quli Khan, Safaratnamah-i-Khvarizm
/ Relation de l’ambassade au Kharezm-Khiva, edited and translated by Charles Schefer, 2 vols, 1876[-]79; reprinted,
1975
Account
of an embassy from Mohammad Shah Qajar (1845) by the later director
of the technical university Dar ul-Fonun (from 1852).
Hidayat,
Sadiq, Isfahan Nisf-i-Jahan
[Isfahan is Half the World],
n.d.
Holmes,
William Richard, Sketches
on the Shores of the Caspian, 1845
Houtum-Schindler,
Albert, Eastern Persian
Irak, 1896
German
by birth, recruited into the British administration via the Persian
Telegraph and the Imperial Bank, he collected Persian manuscripts,
which were later bought by E.G. Browne. His account is based on
several years’ work and residence in the area.
Hubbard,
G.E., From the Gulf to Ararat, 1916
Author
worked on the Turco-Persian Boundary Commission with Arnold Wilson.
Ibn
al-Balkhi, Ahmad, The Farsnama, edited by Guy Le Strange and R.A. Nicholson,
1921; reprinted, 1998
Persian
account of the province of Fars completed at the beginning of
the 11th century for the Saljuq governor: an example of provincial
and urban chronicles straddling the boundaries between travelogue,
memoir, local history, and geography.
Ibn
Battuta, Travels of Ibn
Battuta ad 1325[-]1354, translated by H.A.R.
Gibb, 5 vols, 1958[-]2000 (vol. 4 with C.F. Beckingham)
Ibn
Battuta was in Iran several times, making an excursion in 1327
from’Abbadan across the Zagros mountains to Isfahan and Shiraz
and via Kazerun back to Baghdad. Again in late 1329, he called
in at the island port of Hormuz then journeyed via the inland
city of Lar to the Gulf ports of Qays and Siraf before crossing
over to Bahrayn. The passage claiming to describe a visit to the
cities of Khorasan -- Herat, Mashhad, Neyshapur (Nishapur) --
in 1333 on his way from Central Asia across the Oxus river and
Hindu Kush mountains to the Panjab and India is considered suspect:
either he embroidered or his amanuensis added places to make a
fuller account. Ibn Battuta noted sun-dried melons, the habit
of washing hair with yoghurt, the Haydari dervishes who put iron
rings on their penises to keep celibate, etc. On his return to
the Maghreb, he wrote down his travels with the help of the littérateur
Ibn Juzayy; the book was finished in 1355 after two years’ work.
Jamalzadah,
Seyyed Mohammad ’Ali, Sarutah-i
yak Karbas, 1956,
as Isfahan is Half the World: Memories of a Persian
Boyhood, translated
by W.L. Heston, 1983
Jaubert,
P.A., Voyage en Arménie
et en Perse, fait dans les années 1805 et 1806,
1821
The
much more discreet precursor of the flamboyant Gardane military-diplomatic
mission.
Jenkinson,
Anthony et al., Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, edited by E. Delmar Morgan and C.H. Coote, 2 vols, 1886; reprinted,
1963
This contains Jenkinson’s
journals, short accounts by him having appeared in Hakluyt’s original
The Principal Navigations
(vol. 1, 1598). He was the first Englishman
to have left an account in English of Iran. In 1561 the Society
of the Merchant Adventurers sent him with letters from Elizabeth
I to Tahmasp, the 50-year-old, morose and bigoted Shah of Iran,
who received him in Qazvin and gave him permission to open trade
of woollens for raw silk for English merchants via Russia.
Kaempfer,
Engelbert, Amoenitatum Exoticarum
Politico-physico-medicarum [Of Delights, Exotic, Political
and Medical], 5 vols, 1712;
vol.1 (on Isfahan) as Am Hofe des persischen Grosskönigs,1684[-]85, translated by Walther Hinz, 1940; reprinted,
1977
German
doctor who went with the Swedish embassy via Russia to Iran in
1683, aged 31. The mission was again prompted by the European
need to find allies against the Ottoman Turks, who had recently
besieged Vienna but the drunken Shah Hussein was not much help.
In 1684 Kaempfer made his Planographia, the first
ever town plan of Isfahan, using a magnetic needle, 240 years
before the first Iranian town plan of the city: it is still useful
in reconstructing the layout of the Safavid city centre.
Kapuscinski,
Ryszard, Shah of Shahs, translated by William R. Brand and Katarzyna
Mroczkowska-Brand, 1985
The
47-year-old Polish journalist Kapuscinski spent 1979 in Iran and
here brilliantly evokes the mentality of the revolution and of
the corrupt ancien régime. He demonstrates a much higher quality
of writing and thinking than appears in most journalists’ accounts,
his central European acuteness saving him from Anglo-Saxon complacency.
Keppel,
George, Personal Narrative
of a Journey from India to England, 2nd edition, 2 vols, 1827
Amiable
young officer returning from service in India, as “bear-leader”
to returning Qajar royal, via the Gulf, Iran and Russia in 1824.
Khusro, Nasiri, Sefer nameh: relation du voyage de Nassiri Khosrau, edited and translated
by Charles Schefer, 1881; reprinted, 1970; as The Book of Travels (Safarnama), translated by W.M. Thackston, Jr,
1986
The
Persian poet and Ismaili philosopher’s travels in 1046[-]52 from
Saljuq Balkh via Neyshapur, Rayy, Tabriz and on to Fatimid Cairo,
returning to Balkh via Baghdad, Isfahan, and Tabas. A middle-aged
awakening and life-crisis caused the author to exchange his comfortable
administrative post for the risky vocation of Ismaili polemicist
and propagandist. While the manuscript is a slightly standardized
abridgement of the original, the author’s personality and intelligence
shine through and his unusually wide-ranging, rational, and sceptical
observations on the Muslim world make this one of the most engaging
works of medieval Persian prose: his meeting with the pretentious
maths teacher who claimed to have studied under Avicenna but did
not know his subject, his account of the recent Tabriz earthquake
and the local poet Qatran who was unfamiliar with Khorasanian
poetic diction, of the wooden lighthouse in the Shatt al-Arab
to mark the shoals near Abbadan, his philosophical discussion
in Qa’en about the conceptual limits of a physical universe are
all incidents that stay in the mind of the reader. His promised
sequel of a travelogue to the East is lost.
Koelz,
Walter N., Persian Diary,
1939[-]1941, 1983
US
Department of Agriculture mission to Iran.
Kotzebue,
Moritz von, Narrative of
a Journey into Persia,
1819
Krusinski,
Tadeusz, The History of
the Revolution of Persia,
1728, translated by Father Du Cerceau, 2 vols, 1728; as The
History of the Late Revolutions of Persia, 1740, reprinted,
1973
Pesonal
memoir and eyewitness account of the Afghan invasion and massacres
in Isfahan in 1722. Krusinski was a good linguist and lived in
Iran from 1707 to 1724.
Layard,
Henry, Early Adventures
in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia,
2 vols, 1887; new edition, 1 vol., 1894, reprinted, 1971
Before
discovering Nineveh, Layard travelled in 1840, aged 23, going
from Baghdad to Kermanshah and to Qal’a Thal with the khan of
the Chahar Lang Bakhtiari, in 1841 with the Haft Lang Bakhtiari
above Shushtar, and in 1842 up the Karun river to test its navigability.
Lindberg,
K, Voyage dans le sud de
l’Iran: carnet de route d’un médecin à la poursuite du ver de
Médine, 1955
Loti,
Pierre, Vers Ispahan, 1904; edited by K.A. Kelly and K.C. Cameron,
1989
Lush,
romantic prose of a tourist better known for his evocations of
Turkey, who travelled in early summer 1902 from Bushire to the
Caspian: mostly visual impressions, some society meetings in Tehran,
and a lament for the decline of French influence.
Maclean,
Fitzroy, Eastern Approaches, 1949
War-time
exploits of young diplomat and officer, including SAS-style kidnapping
of General Zahedi, Reza Shah’s pro-German governor of Isfahan.
Malcolm,
John, Sketches of Persia,
from the Journals of a Traveller in the East,
2 vols (published anonymously), 1827; new edition (published
as John Malcolm) 1 vol., 1845
The
son of an Eskdale hill farmer, who learned Persian and made his
career in the Indian Army, Malcolm went on three missions to Iran
(1800, 1806, 1810), travelling from Bombay to Bushire and on to
Shiraz and Tehran as the East India Company’s representative to
the court of Fath Ali Shah; he was popular with the Persians,
and his Sketches are
well observed and sympathetic. Malcolm enjoyed the full support
of the East India Company in researching and writing his History
of Persia, in which
he wrote that had he not first been a traveller, he would not
have become a historian. His missions to Iran were cut short by
the arrival of rival missions sent by the London Foreign Office
under Harford Jones Brydges and Gore Ouseley, but not before he
had coordinated several surveys of little-known parts of Iran.
Malcolm,
Napier, Five Years in a
Persian Town, 1905
A
missionary in Yazd remembers.
Du
Mans, Raphaël (Jacques Dutertre), Estat
de la Perse en 1660,
edited by Charles Schefer, 1890; reprinted, 1969
One
of the most important accounts of Safavid Iran, written for J.B.
Colbert, the minister of Louis XIV, by the French Capuchin who
travelled out with Tavernier and lived in Isfahan 1644[-]96. Du
Mans’s skills as a mathematician and linguist made him welcome
among the Persians and he became the principal go-between in Western
transactions with the court and provided much of the material
for Tavernier’s book.
Martyn,
Henry, Journal and Letters, edited by Samuel Wilberforce, 2 vols,
1837
Martyn,
missionary at Shiraz, translated the Bible into Persian in 1811,
the year before he died.
al-Mas’udi,
Abu al-Hasan Ali, Muruj
al-dhahab wa ma‘adin al-jawhar, edited by Muhammad
Muhyi al-Din ‘Abd al-Hamid, 4 vols, 1938; selections as The Meadows of Gold, translated by Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, 1989
Scholar
and littérateur who travelled from Baghdad and finally settled
in Egypt to write a monumental history of which this is an abridgement
-- all based on his own travels and studies. He was in Fars in
915 where he saw paintings of the Sasanian kings in a historical
manuscript belonging to a nobleman of Istakhr, between Persepolis
and Shiraz. His compendium, written in Cairo c.950, straddles
the genres of history, travelogue, and ethnography.
Membré,
Michele, Relazione di Persia
(1542), edited by Giorgio R. Cardona, 1969; as
Mission to the Lord Sophy of Persia, 1539[-]1542,
translated and edited by A.H. Morton, 1993
Membré
was from a Venetian trading family settled in Cyprus, and spoke
Arabic, Turkish, Greek, and Italian. He was recruited to deliver
a message from the doge of Venice to the shah of Iran to suggest
a military alliance against the Ottoman Turks -- an initiative
subsequently nullified by the Ottoman[-]Venetian peace treaty
of 1540. Membré left Cyprus in 1539 in disguise and managed to
outwit the Ottomans and pass through to the Black Sea and the
Caucasus to northwest Iran where he spent almost a year as a guest
at the Persian court of the young Shah Tahmasp which moved between
Marand, Tabriz, and Takht Soleyman. When news of the rival alliance
reached Iran, Membré had to leave under a cloud, bluffing his
way onto a Portuguese ship at Hormuz. He returned via Spain to
a long career as dragoman to the Venetian Foreign Office, also
helping Ramusio with his collection of Persian voyages, Navigationi
et viaggi, 1550[-]59)
Mignan,
Robert, A Winter Journey
through Russia … into Koordistaun,
2 vols, 1839
Morier,
James Justinian, A Journey
through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor to Constantinople, in
the Years 1808 and 1809, 1812
Morier,
James Justinian, A Second
Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor to Constantinople,
between the Years 1810 and 1816,
1818
Morier
was born in Smyrna (Izmir) where his father was consul and East
India Company agent. He grew up to speak Turkish well, and in
his mid-twenties he accompanied the embassy of Harford Jones Brydges,
and then that of Gore Ouseley, staying on in Tehran as chargé
d’affaires. (According to Brydges, he spoke very little Persian,
but Turkish was widely spoken in Iran.) His two travel books are
valuable, but his travel experience was transmuted into a masterpiece
of picaresque, The Adventures
of Hajji Baba of Ispahan (3 vols, 1824),
whose acute observation and narrative skill made it a favourite
with Western travellers to Iran, though its snidely disparaging
tone was found offensive by many Persians.
Mottahedeh,
Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet:
Religion and Politics in Iran, 1985
Sympathetic,
slightly fictionalized biography, from World War II to the Islamic
Revolution, of anonymous liberal Iranian cleric now resident in
America, with exploration of the intellectual heritage of Shiite
Islam.
Muhammad
‘Ali Hazin, The Life of
Sheikh Mohammed Ali Hazin, Written by Himself, translated
by F.C. Belfour, 1830; reprinted, 1968
Persian
littérateur who, made destitute by the Afghan invasions, left
Iran in 1734 in his early forties, witnessed the sack of Delhi
by Nader Shah in 1739 and wrote his autobiography in Benares where
he died in 1766.
al-Muqaddasi,
Muhammad, The Best Divisions
for Knowledge of the Regions, translated by Basil Collins,
revised edition, 2001
Often
considered the greatest of the classic Arab geographies, this
work initially grew out of the need of the barid
imperial postal system to have exact accounts of routes to the
different parts of the empire; al-Muqaddasi travelled widely in
the mid-10th century through Iran and the Muslim world before
writing his magnum opus.
Naipaul,
V.S., Among the Believers:
An Islamic Journey,
1981
Tour
by a Caribbean Hindu -- aimed at non-believers.
Nasir
al-Din Shah Qajar, Ruznamah-isafar-i
Mazandaran [Journal of the Royal Journey to Mazanderan], 1877
Niebuhr,
Carsten, Travels through
Arabia and Other Countries in the East, translated by Robert
Heron, 2 vols, 1792; facsimile, 1994
Son
of a Friesland bog-farmer, trained as a surveyor in Hamburg and
Göttingen, Carsten Niebuhr was sent on the Danish scientific expedition
to Arabia in 1761, of which he was the only survivor. He visited
and sketched Shiraz and Persepolis in 1765, returning to Denmark
in 1768 to publish the findings of the expedition. Niebuhr retired
to his farm in the marshes, as, in his son’s words, “he suffered
greatly from a longing for the dignified peace of the Orientals,
which has beset so many other Europeans who have lived in these
countries.”
Niedermayer,
Oskar von, Im Weltkrieg
vor Indiens Toren, 1936
Dare-devil
German agent-provocateur and photographer who crossed from Ottoman
Baghdad to Afghanistan in 1915, evading British patrols.
Nikitin,
Afanasii, Afanasy Nikitin’s
Voyage beyond Three Seas, translated by Stefan Apresyan, 1985
The
merchant of Tver took advantage of an embassy returning from Moscow
to Shirvan with a gift of 90 gerfalcons to follow what became
one of the major routes to Iran for travellers from northern Europe
-- down the Volga to Astrakhan, along the Caspian Sea to Darband
and Baku, then passing through the cities of Sari, Amol, Rayy,
Yazd, Sidan, to Hormuz. His route through Iran is evoked in a
terse list of place-names. He died shortly after completing his
report, which contains many religious expressions in Persian,
Arabic, and Turkish, indicating how far he had become acculturated
to Islam during his travels.
Nuruilah
Khan, The Glory of the Shia
World: The Tale of a Pilgrimage,
translated by P.M. Sykes, 1910; reprinted, 1973
The
son of Morier’s colleague Mirza Abul Hasan Khan describes the
pilgrimage to Mashhad.
Odoric
of Pordenone, in Cathay
and the Way Thither, translated and edited by Henry Yule, 1866;
2nd edition, revised by Henri Cordier, vol. 2, 1913
A
Franciscan from Friuli, Odoric travelled from Venice in 1318 and
passed through Trebizond, Tabriz, Soltaniyeh, Ahwaz, and Hormuz,
returning to Padua in 1330.
Olearius
(Oelschlaeger), Adam, The
Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors sent by Frederick Duke
of Holstein to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia,
translated by John Davies, 2 vols, 1662; 2nd edition, 1669
The
learned Olearius, who translated the classic Persian moral tales
of Sa’di’s Golestan and influenced Goethe’s West-Oestlicher
Diwan, went as secretary
to the Duke of Holstein’s embassy to Shah Safi in 1637, the first
full and proper European embassy to Iran. Olearius’ account remains
an important source on the country in the Safavid period.
Ouseley,
William, Travels in Various
Countries of the East, More Particularly Persia,
3 vols, 1819[-]23
A
well-established orientalist and translator, he accompanied the
embassy of his brother Sir Gore Ouseley to Iran in 1811 and collected
724 oriental manuscripts.
Pereira
de Lacerda, Luís, et al.,
L’Ambassade en Perse … 1604[-]1605, edited by Roberto Gulbenkian, 1972
Pétis
de la Croix, François, “Extrait des voyages de Pétis de la Croix”
in Relation de Dourry Efendy, edited by L.M.
Langlès, 1810
Sent
by J.B. Colbert to Iran in his mid-twenties, Petis de la Croix
stayed with Raphaël Du Mans for two years and studied Rumi’s Mathnavi
Manavi with the Mevlevi dervishes in Isfahan before returning
to France in 1680 to teach oriental languages at the Collège du
Roi.
Polo, Marco, The
Book of Ser Marco Polo, edited and translated by Henry Yule,
2 vols, 1871; 3rd edition, revised by Henri Cordier, 1903; as
Marco Polo: The Description of the World, edited and translated by
A.C. Moule and Paul Pelliot, 2 vols, 1938, reprinted, 1976
Leaving
Venice aged 17 in 1271, Marco Polo went out to China by land through
Anatolia and Iran and came back by sea to Hormuz, returning home
in 1295. The main scope and importance of his book is the description
of China, but he left a brief account of Tabriz, Yazd, Kerman,
Hormuz, and Damghan as well as an expanded version of the Old
Man of the Mountain legend, attached to the Nizari Ismailis of
Alamut who had been destroyed in 1256, 17 years before his passage
through Iran. A definition of travel literatures was given by
Marco Polo, explaining his success with the great Khan Qubilai:
“Perceiving that the Great Khan took a pleasure in hearing accounts
of whatever was new to him respecting the customs and manners
of people and the peculiar circumstances of distant countries,
he (Marco Polo) endeavoured wherever he went to obtain correct
information on these subjects and made notes of all he saw and
heard, in order to gratify the curiosity of his master.”
Porter,
Robert Ker, Travels in Georgia,
Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia ...,
2 vols, 1821[-]22
Porter
was appointed history painter to the tsar and was sent by the
Russian Academy of Fine Arts on an artistic journey from Russia
to Iran to sketch monuments, 1817[-]20. He identified the tomb
of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae, was decorated by the shah, the
tsar and George IV, and wrote a vivid travel book about greater
Iran, with line engravings which are, however, less attractive
than his original water-colours (in the British Museum).
Provins,
Pacifique de, Relation du
Voyage de Perse, 1631
The
French Capuchin mission of 1627[-]30 sent by Cardinal Richelieu,
which set the trend for Capuchins to act as diplomatic representatives
of the French.
Purchas,
Samuel, Purchas His Pilgrimes, 4 vols, 1625; reprinted as Hakluytus Posthumus; or, Purchas His Pilgrimes,
20 vols, 1905[-]07
The
amanuensis and heir of Hakluyt, who continued his work of publishing
travel and trade accounts to stimulate the expansion of British
commerce and satisfy a taste for the exotic. Travellers to Iran
include the euphuistic Coryate, pseudo-learned Cartwright, quarrelsome
Figueroa, Finch, Fitch, Monroe, Pinder, Wilson, and the unfortunate
Sherley. John Newberry in 1581 followed the classic route from
Bushire to Hormuz and via Lar, Jahrom, Shiraz, Yazd Khwast, Isfahan
to Kashan, Qom and Tabriz and on via Julfa on the Araxes River
to Nakhchivan, Yerevan and Etchmiadzin in Armenia, giving details
of goods and prices, depilatories in the hamams, bandits, lions,
and Armenian fasts.
Rabino,
H.L., Mazandaran and Astarabad, 1928
Son
of the Jewish manager of the Imperial Bank of Persia, he acted
as British Vice-consul at Rasht on the Caspian 1906[-]12.
Radde,
Gustav, Reisen an der persisch-russischen
Grenze, 1886
Rawlinson,
Henry, “The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1846-51)
In
Kurdistan from 1835 for the Royal Geographical Society, he transcribed
the Behistu+n inscription of Darius the Great, which unlocked
the decipherment of the cuneiform script between 1834 and 1847,
an achievement as important as Champollion’s decipherment of the
hieroglyphics of the Rosetta Stone.
Rhodes,
Alexandre de, Relation de
la mission des Pères de la Compagnie de Jesus établié dans le
royaume de Perse, 1659
Rich,
Claudius, James Narrative
of a Residence in Koordistan … and an Account of a Visit to Shirauz
and Persepolis, 2 vols, 1836; reprinted, 1972
East
India Company Resident in Baghdad, he died of cholera in Shiraz,
1821.
Rochechouart,
Julien de, Souvenirs d’un
voyage en Perse, 1867
Useful
for its account of Qajar decorative arts.
Ross,
Elizabeth N. MacBean, A
Lady Doctor in Bakhtiari Land,
1921
A
spinster who fled the claustrophobic CMS medical mission in Julfa,
the Armenian suburb of Isfahan, and spent the years 1909[-]14
in the mountains working with the womenfolk of the Bakhtiari khans.
Sackville-West,
Vita, Passenger to Teheran, 1926
Driving
from England to Iran to join her husband Harold Nicholson at the
embassy in Tehran, staying with Gertrude Bell on the way, and
attending Reza Shah’s coronation.
Sackville-West,
Vita, Twelve Days: An Account
of a Journey across the Bakhtiari Mountains in South-Western Persia, 1928
Crossing
rough tracks over the Bakhtiari mountains from Isfahan to the
new oilfields with English diplomats; a beautifully written short
travelogue, but more revealing about her literary concerns than
the country she was visiting.
Saint-
Joseph, Ange de, Souvenirs
de la Perse safavide et autres lieux de l’Orient (1664[-]1678), translated by Michel Bastiaensen, 1985
This
Capuchin father also wrote the Pharmacopoeia
Persica. (Medicine was one of the strengths of the Capuchins,
which gained them entry into otherwise closed areas.)
Sauma,
Rabban, The Monks of Kublai
Khan, translated by E.A. Wallis Budge, 1928;
as Voyager from Xanadu, translated by Morris Rossabi, 1992
Rabban
Sauma, a Turkish Nestorian monk from near Beijing, was sent by
the Mongols as ambassador to Europe in 1286[-]88. His account
of the trip includes a description of the court of Arghun the
Ilkhani at Tabriz; this survives in a Syriac epitome, on which
these translations are based.
Schiltberger,
Johann, The Bondage and
Travels, translated by J.B. Telfer, 1879
A
German captured by the Ottomans and dragooned into their army,
then captured by the Mongols at the battle of Ankara in 1402.
Schiltberger survived to tell the tale.
Sercey,
F.E. de, La Perse en 1839[-]1840:
ambassade extraordinaire,
1928
Sheil,
Mary, Glimpses of Life and
Manners in Persia, 1856;
reprinted, 1973
In
Iran 1849[-]53, to join her husband who had been training the
Persian military since 1833 and acted as British minister in Tehran
since 1842, Lady Sheil left us the first account of the country
by a European woman.
Sherley,
Anthony, His Relation of
His Travels into Persia,
1613; reprinted, 1972; also in Purchas
His Pilgrimes, vol. 2, book 9, 1625
Son
of a Sussex squire, gentleman-adventurer, and privateer in Jamaica
sent by the Earl of Essex to Iran with 25 other gentlemen-soldiers
to offer his services to Shah Abbas. They left Venice in 1599,
were betrayed by the Portuguese, chased by Turkish Janissaries,
saved by Armenian merchants, robbed in Baghdad, generously provided
for by a Florentine traveller and finally escaped with a Persian
pilgrim caravan into Kurdistan to meet Shah Abbas in Qazvin to
discuss military books and again in Isfahan to propose war against
the Turks. Sherley returned in 1601 as envoy for the Shah to Moscow,
where he boxed the ears of the “lewd friar” sent to accompany
the mission, and to Spain, where he ended a beggar. His younger
brother Robert remained hostage in Iran, helped with military
artillery, and married a Georgian lady, Teresa. When he came to
Europe as the Shah’s envoy, he had himself and his wife painted
in Persian costume by Van Dyck in 1622 in Rome (the portraits
of Sir Robert and Lady Teresa Sherley hang at Petworth House,
Sussex), before returning to disgrace and an early death in Iran
in 1628. The account of Robert Sherley survives in Purchas his Pilgrimes and also in the Relation of Sir Thomas Herbert.
Shuster,
W. Morgan, The Strangling
of Persia, 1912; reprinted, 1987
US
financial mission to Iran (1911) cut short by Russian ultimatum.
Silva
y Figueroa, Garcia de, Comentarios,
edited by Manuel Serrano y Sanz, 2 vols, 1903[-]05; as L’Ambassade … en Perse, translated
by Abraham de Wicquefort, 1667
King
Philip III of Spain’s ambassador to Iran in 1617[-]19, after the
loss of Bahrein Island; he travelled between Hormuz and Qazvin,
where he had a stormy meeting with Shah Abbas, and died at sea
on the home journey. He was the first to identify Chehel Menar
with Persepolis on the basis of the account of Diodorus Siculus
which he carried with him.
Simpson,
John and Tira Shubart, Lifting
the Veil: Life in Revolutionary Iran,
1995
Journalist
duo interviewing widely in Iran in 1992, 13 years after the Revolution,
up-dating Simpson’s earlier Behind
Iranian Lines (1988), a rapidly written, rapidly researched
journalistic production, with efficiently compiled political anecdotes.
Definitely one of the better journalistic travelogues of the post-Revolution
era.
Sinclair,
Ronald, Adventures in Persia:
To India by the Back Door,
1988
A
description of car journeys undertaken from 1925 to 1941.
Sitwell,
Sacheverell, Arabesque and
Honeycomb, 1957
Smith,
Anthony, Blind White Fish
in Persia, 1953
Student
jaunt by Oxford zoologist in 1950 with observations on the qanat underground irrigation channels and village life of the Kerman
region.
Speelman,
Cornelis, Journaal der Reis
van … Joan Cunaeus naar Perzië in 1651[-]1652,
edited by A. Holz, 1908
Stack,
Edward, Six Months in Persia, 2 vols, 1882
Contains
a description of the Pol-e-Arus bridge in southern Fars.
Stark,
Freya, The Valleys of the
Assassins and Other Persian Travels,
1934
Stark,
Freya, Beyond Euphrates:
Autobiography, 1928[-]1933,
1951
Stark,
Freya, Dust in the Lion’s
Paw: Autobiography, 1939[-]1946,
1961
The
indefatigable traveller of Asolo surveying her life.
Stein,
Aurel, Archaeological Reconnaissances
in North-western India and South-Eastern Iran, 1937
Stein,
Aurel, Old Routes of Western
Iran, 1940
One
of the greatest travellers, whose surveys are still the basis
of continuing archaeological investigations throughout the region;
much of his research in Iran was carried out in the 1930s with
the help of an Indian surveyor when Stein was already in his seventies.
Stewart,
Charles E., Through Persia
in Disguise, 1911
The
disguises were hardly ever convincing, though often comfortable
and convenient; the author witnessed the 1881 fall of the Yomut
Turkmen stronghold Goek Tepe to the Russians.
Stocqueler,
J.H., Fifteen Months’ Pilgrimage
through Untrodden Tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, 2 vols, 1832
One
of the early newspaper journalists, travelling back from India
via the Bakhtiari mountains in 1831.
Stuart,
Charles, Journal of a Residence
in Northern Persia,
1854
Sykes,
Ella C., Through Persia
on a Side-Saddle, 1898
Accompanying
her brother Percy on the 1895 Baluchistan Boundary Commission.
Sykes,
Percy Molesworth, Ten Thousand
Miles in Persia; or, Eight Years in Iran,
1902
Sykes
spent most of his career in Iran: consul in Kerman from 1894 and
at Mashhad from 1905, then in his early fifties raising and drilling
the South Persia Rifles during World War I. He had an unrivalled
knowledge of the southeast of Iran, and an unusual degree of sympathy
and liking for the local people with whom he worked.
Tavernier,
Jean-Baptiste, Les Six Voyages
qu’il a fait en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes, 2 vols, 1676
(and many later editions); as Les
Six Voyages en Turquie et en Perse (not including the Indian
section), edited by Stéphane Yerasimos, 2 vols, 1981; as The
Six Voyages, translated by John Phillips, 1678
Merchant
combining a passion for trade and travels in journeys taken in
1630, 1638, 1643, 1651, 1657, and 1663. Tavernier was created
Baron d’Aubonne (1669) by Louis XIV and retired to have his travelogue
written by an amanuensis, Samuel Chapuzeau, but after the revocation
of the Edict of Nantes he was forced, as a Huguenot, to emigrate
to Switzerland and finally died in Moscow in 1689 while planning
a seventh trip to Iran. His book was used by Montesquieu, but
was judged harshly for its limited mercantile perspectives by
Voltaire who wrote: “Tavernier parle plus en marchand qu’en philosophe
et n’apprend guère qu’à connaître les grandes routes et les diamants”
(Tavernier writes more like a tradesman than an intellectual,
and gives only the sort of information that allows one to recognize
main roads and diamonds!). In all his years of travel using mostly
the Armenian international caravan network, Tavernier never learned
the local languages, never developed any cultural sympathy for
the people from whom he made money; and yet, back in France he
had himself painted in sumptuous and exotic Persian costume by
the court painter Nicholas de Largilliere.
Teixeira,
Pedro, Relaciones, 1610;
as The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London
1902
A
“converso” Portuguese Jew, Teixeira worked as a physician in Hormuz
in 1593-97, learned Persian, wrote an adaptation of Mir Khwand’s
chronicle Rawdat al-safa, and travelled to Mazanderan before returning to live with the exiled
Sephardic Jewish community in Antwerp.
Tenreiro,
António and Mestre Afonso, Viagens
por Terra da India a Portugal,
edited by Neves Aguas, 1991
Sent
on the Pessoa embassy to Shah Ismail just before he died, Tenreiro
left an account which is useful for the Hormuz[-]Lar[-]Shiraz
route travelled in 1523.
Texier,
Charles, Description de
l’Arménie, la Perse et al Mésopotamie,
3 vols, 1842-52
Theroux,
Paul, The Great Railway
Bazaar: By Train through Asia,
1975
Some
chapters dealing with rail travel in Iran and Pakistan, with almost
no interaction with local people.
Thévenot,
Jean, Relation d’un voyage
fait au Levant: dans laquelle il est curicusement traité des estats
sujets au Grand Seigneur [in three parts], 1664[-]84; reprinted
in 5 vols, 1689; as The Travels of Monsieur de Thévenot into the
Levant, translated
by Archibald Lovell, vol. 2, 1687; reprinted, 1971
A
gentleman of private means, with a good knowledge of Persian and
Turkish, Thévenot died young in Miyaneh near Tabriz in 1667 after
over three years’ travel in Iran during which he visited Bandar
Abbas, Persepolis, and Isfahan and developed a sympathetic understanding
of the Muslims.
Tobias,
and the Angel, Book of Tobit,
composed Palestine c.200
bc, translated from the Aramaic by St
Jerome into Latin c.400
and included in the Apocrypha of the Vulgate Bible; translated
from Latin into English by Wyclif c.1380;
King James Authorized Version 1611, etc.
Engaging mythical travelogue of a good Jewish boy from Nineveh in Assyria
going to Ecbatana and Rhages in Media, to find medicine for his
sick father and exorcise his bride from possession by Aeshma-daeva,
a Zoroastrian demon of wrath, with Babylonian fish magic. It is
based on the historical reality of Jewish diaspora trading communities
stretching from Kurdistan, via the ancient Hamadan to Rayy south
of modern Tehran.
Uruch
Ali Beg, Relaciones de Don
Juan de Persia, 1604, as Don
Juan of Persia, translated by Guy Le Strange, 1926
Uruch
(possibly Ulugh) Ali Beg Bayati, an Azeri Qizilbash, came to Spain
with the remnants of the embassy of Sir Anthony Sherley, declined
to go back to Iran, converted to Catholicism and alcohol, and
was stabbed to death in a street-brawl.
Vámbéry,
Arminius (Hermann Bamberger), Travels
in Central Asia, 1864
Hungarian
traveller who started off from, and returned to, Tehran and penetrated
Bokhara as a “faux derviche” in 1863.
Varthema,
Ludovico de, Itinerario, 1510; as The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta, and
Arabia Felix, in Persia, India and Ethiopia, a.d. 1503 to 1508, translated by John Winter Jones, edited
by George Percy Badger, 1863
The
Bolognese friend of Vittoria Colonna -- dedicatee of his travelogue
as well as of Michelangelo’s sonnets -- passed briefly through
Hormuz in 1505 en route to Portuguese India; the Persian part
of his Itinerary is therefore utter fiction, though it is said
to contain useful second-hand trade information.
Waring,
Edward Scott, A Tour to
Sheeraz, 1804; 2nd edition, 1807, reprinted, 1973
Account
of convalescing for five months in Fars on his way back from Bengal.
Willey,
Peter, The Castles of the
Assassins, 1963
Survey
of Ismaili hill-forts by schoolmaster who travelled with Freya
Stark.
Wills,
C.J., In the Land of the
Lion and the Sun; or, Modern Persia,
1883
Doctor
to the Indo-European Telegraph Department between 1866 and 1881.
Wilson,
Arnold, S.W. Persia: Letters
and Diary of a Young Political Officer, 1907[-]1914,
1942
Delightfully
fresh and enthusiastic account written up from earlier letters
and diaries in 1940, just before he was killed in action over
Germany. As a young officer with the Indian Political Service,
he was sent to lead soliders guarding workers drilling for oil
in Khuzistan and was present at the first strike of oil. One of
the best travel books of its kind. His weightier gazetteers and
bibliographies are still valuable reference books.
Xenophon,
Anabasis, translated by Carleton L. Brownson, 1922 (Loeb edition); also as
The Persian Expedition, translated by Rex
Warner, 1949
One
of the great adventure stories: Xenophon, a Greek mercenary for
Cyrus the Younger, who was killed at the disastrous defeat of
Cunaxa upstream from Babylon in 401 bc, led his 10,000 soldiers back along
the southern part of the Achaemenid Royal Road and over the mountains
of Kurdistan and Armenia in winter, reaching the Greek colony
of Trebizond on the Black Sea in 400
bc. The route lies outside the political boundaries of
contemporary Iran.
Zalonkemeny,
Étienne Kakasch de, Iter
Persicum; ou, Description du Voyage entrepris
en Perse en 1602,
translated by Charles Schefer, 1877
Embassy
from Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II in Prague to Shah Abbas in Isfahan,
written up by the secretary Georg Tectander after Zalonkemeny
died of malarial fever in Gilan.
Further
Reading
Articles
in scholarly journals have not been included in this overview
for reasons of space, though some very valuable material is to
be found in the Journal
of the Royal Geographical Society, the Journal
of the Royal Asiatic Society, the Bulletin
of the School of Oriental and African Studies and Iran, the journal of the
British Institute of Persian Studies, as well as their European
and American equivalents.
Travel
literature has always been supplemented by visual material --
maps, sketches, engravings -- and more recently by photography,
film and sound-recordings and even satellite imagery. Books consisting
primarily of visual illustrations, engravings or photographs are
listed here as further reading, as are bibliographies, ethnographic,
monographs, and biographies of individual travellers.
Barth,
Fredrik, Nomads of South
Persia: The Basseri Tribe of the Khamseh Confederacy,
Oslo: Oslo University Press, London: Allen and Unwin, and
Boston: Little Brown, 1961
The
first serious ethnographic monograph on pastoral nomads in Iran,
valuable though criticized for being too abstract.
Bartol’d,
V.V., La Découverte de l’Asie,
translated by B. Nikitine, Paris: Payot, 1947
Bibliography
by Russian scholar.
Beny,
Roloff, Persia, Bridge of
Turquoise, London: Thames and Hudson, and Boston:
New York Graphic Society, 1975
Lush
photographic production at the height of the pre-revolutionary
oil boom, projecting a tourist-brochure vision of the country.
Boulanger,
Robert, Moyen-Orient, Paris: Hachette, 1956; as The Middle East, translated by J.S. Hardman,
Paris: Hachette, 1966
One
of the Guides Bleus; still unsurpassed.
Boyce,
Mary, A Persian Stronghold
of Zoroastrianism, Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1977; Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America,
1979
A
remarkable portrait of the traditional Zoroastrian village of
Sharifabad where Boyce lived with a priest’s family in 1963-64;
scholarly and humane, full of empathy and insight.
Broc,
Numa, Dictionnaire illustré
des explorateurs et grands voyageurs français du XIXe siécle,
vol.2: Asie, Paris: CTHS 1992
Brooks,
David, People of the Wind, Durham 1981
A
more recent anthropological account of filming the Bakhtiari migration
across the Zagros mountains.
Buchan,
James, A Good Place to Die, London: Harvill, 1999; as The Persian Bride, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
2000
Fictionalized
account of journalistic Lehrjahre
in Iran, Afghanistan, Kashmir 1970s[-]80s.
Carswell,
John, New Julfa: The Armenian
Churches and Other Buildings,
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968
Cooper,
Merian C., Grass, New York and London: Putnam, 1925
The
book of the film: the first Bakhtiari nomad migration on celluloid
in 1924.
Digard,
Jean-Pierre, Techniques
des Nomades Baxtyâri d’Iran,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981
Donaldson,
Bess Allen, The Wild Rue, London: Luzac, 1938; reprinted, New York:
Arno Press, 1973
Folklore
classic by Christian missionary in the northeast who, failing
to convert others, was herself converted to Ithna’ashari Shi’a
Islam.
Dunn,
Ross E., The Adventures
of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, Berkeley:
University of California Press, and London: Croom Helm, 1986
An
accessible overall account of the travels, summarizing the scholarly
debate.
During,
Jean, La Musique iranienne:
tradition et évolution,
Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1984
Elwell-Sutton,
L.P. (editor), Bibliographical
Guide to Iran, Brighton:
Harvester Press, 1983
Flandin,
Eugène, with Pascal Coste, Voyage
en Perse, 6 vols,
Paris: Gide et Baudry, 1843[-]54
Flandin’s
great set of engravings of landscapes and monuments based on a
tour of the country in 1840-41.
Gabriel,
Alfons, Die Erforschung
Persiens, Vienna: Holzhausen, 1952
The
geographer-traveller’s detailed account of the exploration literature
on Iran from earliest times until the mid-20th century; unsurpassed.
Gaube,
Heinz, Iranian Cities, New York: New York University Press, 1979
Covering
Herat, Isfahan, and Bam.
Hansen,
Thorkild, Arabia Felix:
The Danish Expedition of 1761[-]1767, translated by James
McFarlane and Kathleen McFarlane, London: Collins, and New York:
Harper and Row, 1964
The
best account of the ill-fated 1761[-]67 scientific expedition,
relevant for the tail-end visit to Fars.
Hoeltzer,
Ernst, Isfahan in Camera, edited by Jennifer Scarce, London: AARP,
1976
Photographs
taken 1863[-]90 while Hoeltzer was working with the Persian Telegraph.
Hutt,
Antony and Leonard Harrow, Iran,
2 vols, London: Scorpion,
1977[-]78 (Islamic Architecture series)
Photographic
essay with good annotations; in the same series Persian Landscape by Hutt and Warwick Ball.
Irons,
William, The Yomut Turkmen, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1975
Based
on field work in 1965[-]67 in northeast Iran.
Lambton,
Anne K.S., Landlord and
Peasant in Persia, London and New York: Oxford University
Press, 1953
Still
the best comprehensive study of rural life in Iran, based on extensive
travel -- on foot, wearing giveh
cloth shoes -- in rural areas and on a rare mastery of the language.
Le
Strange, Guy, The Lands
of the Eastern Caliphate, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1905; reprinted, London: Cass, 1966, New York: AMS Press, 1976
Very
useful compilation of early Arab geographers on the lands east
of the Abbasid capital, Baghdad, especially Iran.
Lockhart,
Laurence, Persian Cities, London: Luzac, 1960
Cambridge
scholar in Royal Air Force intelligence in Isfahan in World War
II.
Lockhart,
Laurence, “European Contacts with Iran”
in The Cambridge History
of Iran, vol. 6: The
Timurid and Safarid Periods, edited by Peter Jackson and Laurence
Lockhart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986
Very
useful survey of travel literature of the Safavid period.
Matheson,
Sylvia A., Persia: An Archaeological
Guide, London: Faber,
1972; revised edition, 1976
Monteil,
Vincent Mansour, Les Tribus
du Fârs et la sédentarisation des nomades,
Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1966
Navabpur,
Reza, Iran, Oxford and Santa Barbara, California: Clio Press, 1988 (World Bibliographical
Series, vol. 81)
Jejune on travel, which is not the focus of the series.
Nöldeke,
Theodor (translator), Geschichte
der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden, Leiden: E.J.
Brill, 1879
Containing
accounts of the late Sasanian and early Islamic conquests.
Oberling,
Pierre, The Qashqai Nomads
of Fars, The Hague: Mouton, 1974
Pope,
Arthur Upham (editor), A
Survey of Persian Art,
6 vols, London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1938[-]39
Encyclopedic
and authoritative.
Rachewiltz,
Igor de, Papal Envoys to
the Great Khans, Stanford, California: Stanford University
Press, and London: Faber, 1971
Ross,
E. Denison (editor), Sir
Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, London: Routledge, 1933
Sauvaget,
Jean, Introduction à l’histoire
de l’Orient musulman: éléments de bibliographie, revised and completed by Claude Cahen, Paris: Adrien Masonneuve,
1961; as Introduction to
the History of the Muslim East, translated by Madame Paira-Pemberton,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965
Schmidt,
Erich F., Flights over Ancient
Cities of Iran, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1940
Ground-breaking
aerial photography of archaeological sites.
Stöber,
Georg, Die Afshar: Nomadismus
im Raum Kerman, Marburg:
Geographisches Institut der Universität Marburg, 1978
Sykes,
Christopher, Wassmuss: The
German Lawrence, London:
Longman, 1936
The best account of the German spy who raised the Tangestani tribesmen
against the British during World War I and kept the main road
from Bushire to Shiraz closed 1915[-]18.
Sykes,
Christopher, Four Studies
in Loyalty, London: Collins, 1946
Interesting
to read in parallel with Byron’s Road
to Oxiana (1937), for
its reminiscences of Robert Byron and of Bahram Kermani.
Tapper,
Richard, Pasture and Politics:
Economics, Conflict and Ritual among Shahsevan Nomads of Northwestern
Iran, London and New York: Academic Press, 1979
Tapper,
Richard, Frontier Nomads
of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
Walker,
Annabel, Aurel Stein: Pioneer
of the Silk Road, London:
John Murray, 1995; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998
Wright,
Denis, The English among
the Persians during the Qajat Period, 1787[-]1921,
London: Heinemann, 1977
Wulff,
Hans E., The Traditional
Crafts of Persia, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1966
Unsurpassed
in precision of detail and breadth of coverage; material gathered
1937[-]41 by the director of the Technical College, Shiraz.
Ireland
Travel
Writing
Barrow,
John, A Tour round Ireland,
Through the Sea-coast Counties, in the Autumn of 1835, 1836
Boland,
Rosita, Sea Legs: Hitch-hiking
the Irish Coast Alone, 1992
Böll,
Heinrich, Irisches Tagebuch,
1957; as Irish Journal,
translated by Leila Vennewitz, 1967
Bovet,
Marie Anne de, Trois mois
en Irlande, 1891; as Three
Months’ Tour in Ireland, edited and translated by Mrs Arthur
Walter, 1891
Brereton,
William, Travels in Holland,
the United Provinces, England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1635
Bulfin,
William, Rambles in Eirinn,
2 vols, 1907
Bush,
John, Hibernia Curiosa:
A Letter from a Gentleman in Dublin, to His Friend at Dover in
Kent: Giving a General View of the Manners, Customs, Dispositions,
&c. of the Inhabitants of Ireland, 1769
Cambrensis,
Giraldus (Gerald of Wales), Topographia
Hibernica; as The History
and Topgraphy of Ireland, translated by John J. O’Meara, 1982
Carlyle,
Thomas, Reminiscences of
My Irish Journey in 1849, 1882
Conte,
Giuseppe, Terre del mito,
1991
Cooper,
George, Letters on the Irish
Nation: Written During a Visit to That Kingdom, in the Autumn
of the Year 1799, 1800
de
Beaumont, Gustave, L’Irlande
sociale, politique et religieuse, 1839
de
Latocnaye, Chevalier, A
Frenchman’s Walk through Ireland, translated by John Stevenson,
1917
Dingley,
John, Observations on a Voyage Through the Kingdom of Ireland,
1870
Gernon,
Luke, “Discourse of Ireland Anno 1620”, 1904
Gatty,
Margaret Scott, The Old
Folks from Home; or, a Holiday in Ireland, 1862
Gibbons,
John, Tramping through Ireland,
1930
Graves,
Charles, Ireland Revisited,
1949
Inglis,
Henry D., A Journey Throughout
Ireland, During the Spring, Summer, and Autumn of 1834, 1834[-]35
Hall,
Mr and Mrs S.C., Ireland:
its Scenery, Character and History, 1841[-]43
Hogg,
Gary, Turf Beneath my Feet,
1950
Kerridge,
Roy, Jaunting through Ireland,
1991
Kohl,
J.G., Travels in Ireland,
1844
Lithgow,
William, The Total ‘Discourse
of the Rare Adventures and Peregrinations of Long Nineteen Years
from Scotland, to the Most Famous Kingdoms in Europe, Asia and
Africa, 1632
Martineau,
Harriet, Letters from Ireland,
1852
Morton,
H.V., In Search of Ireland,
1930
Moryson,
Fynes, An Itinerary: Containing
His Ten Years Travel, 1617
Murphy,
Dervla, A Place Apart,
1978
Newby,
Eric, Round Ireland in Low
Gear, 1987
Payne,
Robert, A Briefe Description
of Ireland: Made in This Year 1589, 1589
Pococke,
Richard, Pococke’s Tour
in Ireland in 1752, edited by George T. Stokes, 1891
Somerville-Large,
Peter, The Grand Irish Tour,
1982
Sutherland,
Halliday, Irish Journey,
1956
Taylor,
George and Andrew Skinner, Maps
of the Roads of Ireland, 1778; reprinted, 1969
Taylor,
George and Andrew Skinner, The
Compleat Irish Traveller, 1779
Thackeray,
William Makepeace, The Irish
Sketch-Book, 2 vols, 1843
Tóibín,
Colm, Walking along the
Border, 1987
Tocqueville,
Alexis de, Oeuvres complètes
d’Alexis de Tocqueville, 9 vols, 1864[-]67
Twiss,
Richard, A Tour in Ireland
in 1775, 1776
von
Pückler-Muskau, Hermann, Briefe
eines Verstorbenen: Ein fragmentarisches Tagebuch aus England,
Wales, Irland und Frankreich, 1836[-]37
Young,
Arthur, A Tour in Ireland:
With General Observations on the Present State of That Kingdom,
1780
Further
Reading
Fuchs,
Anne and Theo Harden (editors), Reisen
im Diskurs: Modelle der literarischen Fremdefahrung von den Pilgerberichten
bis zur Postmoderne, Heidleberg: Winter, 1994
Hadfield,
Andrew and John McVeagh (editors), Strangers
to that Land: British Perceptions of Ireland from the Reformation
to the Famine, Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994
Harrington,
John P. (editor), The English
Traveller in Ireland: Accounts of Ireland and the Irish through
Five Centuries, Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1991
McVeagh,
John, Irish Travel Writing:
A Bibliography, Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1996
Ó
Cillín, Seán P., Travellers
in Co. Clare 1459[-]1843, Galway: Ó Cillín and Brannick, 1977
O’Connor,
Barbara and Michael Cronin (editors), Tourism
in Ireland: A Critical Analysis, Cork: Cork University Press,
1993
Ó
Muirithe, Diarmaid, A Seat
behind the Coachman: Travellers in Ireland, 1800[-]1900, Dublin:
Gill and Macmillan, 1972
Maxwell,
Constantia, The Stranger
in Ireland: From the Reign of Elizabeth to the Great Famine,
London: Jonathan Cape, 1954
Ryle,
Martin, Journeys in Ireland:
Literary Travellers, Rural Landscapes, Cultural Relations,
Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 1999
Istanbul
Travel
Writing
Extraordinary Newes from Constantinople, November
the 27, 1641 ... Conteyning a Most Certaine and True Relation
of the Late and Strange Visions, with the Aspects of Two Commetts
or Blazing Starres with Forked Tayles. Appearing to the Great
Turke, and Perpendicularly Hanging Over His Seraglio in Constantinople,
1641.
Bargrave,
Robert, The Travel Diary
of Robert Bargrave, Levant Merchant (1647[-]1656, edited by
Michael G. Brennan, 1999
Baudier,
Michel, The History of the
Imperiall Estate of the Grand Seigneurs, translated by Edward
Grimston, 1635
Blount,
Henry, A Voyage into the
Levant, 1636; facsimile, 1977
Bruyn,
Corneille Le [Cornelis de], A
Voyage to the Levant, translated from the French version by
W.J., 1712
Burbury,
John, A Relation of a Journey
of ... Lord Henry Howard, from London to Vienna, and thence to
Constantinople, 1671
C.,
T. [?Carwell, Thomas], The
New Atlas, or, Travels and Voyages in Europe, Asia, and America
... from England to the Dardanelles, Thence to Constantinople,
1698
Chishull,
Edmund, Travels in Turkey
and Back to England, 1747
Coryate,
Thomas, “Master Thomas Coryates Travels to, and Observations in
Constantinople and Other Places in the Way Thither” in Purchas
His Pilgrimes, edited by Samuel Purchas, 4 vols, 1625; reprinted
as Hakluytus Posthumus, 20 vols, 1905[-]07
Covel,
John, “Extracts from the Diaries of Dr. John Covel, 1670[-]1679”
in Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant,
edited by J. Theodore Bent, 1st series 87, 1893
Cuddon,
J.A., The Owl’s Watchsong:
a Study of Istanbul, 1960
Dallam,
Thomas, “The Diary of Master Thomas Dallam, 1599[-]1600” in Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant,
edited by J. Theodore Bent, lst series 87, 1893
Dumont,
Jean, A New Voyage to the
Levant, 1696
Farson,
Daniel, A Traveller in Turkey,
1985
Gautier,
Théophile, Constantinople,
1853, edited by Jacques Huré, 1990; as Constantinople
of To-day, translated by Robert Howe Gould, 1854
Gilles,
Pierre (Gyllius, Petrus), De
topographia Constantinopoleos, et de illius Antiquitatibus libri
quatuor, 2 vols, edited by A. Gilles, 1562; translated and
published by John Ball as The Antiquities of Constantinople ... Written
Originally in Latin by Petrus Gyllius, 1729; edited by Ronald
G. Musto, 1988
Grelot,
William Joseph [Guillaume-Joseph], A
Late Voyage to Constantinople: Containing an Exact Description
of the Propontis and Hellespont, with the Dardanels ... as Also
of the City of Constantinople ... Made English by J. Philips,
1683
Grey,
Mrs William (Theresa), Journal
of a Visit to Egypt, Constantinople, the Crimea, Greece, &c.
in the Suite of the Prince and Princess of Wales, 1869
L.,
W., Newes from Turkie or, A True Relation of the
Passages of the Right Honourable Sir Thomas Bendish, Lord Ambassadour
With the Grand Signieur at Constantinople, 1648
Liddell,
Robert, Byzantium and Istanbul,
1956
MacFarlane,
Charles, Constantinople
in 1828, 1829
Manuzio,
Antonio, Viaggi fatti da
Vinetia, alla Tana, in Persia, in India, et in Constantinopoli:
con la descrittione particolare di città, luoghi, siti, costumi,
et della porta del gran Turco, 1543, 1545 [2 editions]
Montagu,
Lady Mary Wortley, The Turkish
Embassy Letters, introduction by Anita Desai, edited by Malcolm
Jack, 1993
Pardoe,
Julia S.H., The City of
the Sultan, 2 vols, 1837
Pears,
Sir Edwin, Forty Years in
Constantinople: The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears, 1873[-]1915,
1916
Rycaut,
Paul, The History of the
Turkish Empire from the Year 1623 to the Year 1677, 1680
Sanderson,
John, The Travels of John
Sanderson in the Levant, 1584[-]1602, with his Autobiography and
Selections from his Correspondence, edited by Sir William
Foster, 2nd series 67, 1931
Sandys,
George, A Relation of a
Journey Begun An: Dom: 1610. Foure Bookes. Containing a Description
of the Turkish Empire, 1615; reprinted, 1973
Smith,
Albert, A Month at Constantinople,
1850
Smith,
Thomas, Remarks upon the
Manners, Religion and Government of the Turks ... and a Brief
Description of Constantinople, 1678
Sumner-Boyd,
Hilary, and Freely, John, Strolling
Through Istanbul, 1972
Thévenot,
Jean de, The Travels of
Monsieur de Thévenot into the Levant, translated by D. Lovell,
1687
Tournefort,
Joseph Pitton de, A Voyage
into the Levant ... Containing the Antient and Modern State of
the Islands of the Archipelago, as also of Constantinople,
Translated by John Ozell, 2 vols, 1718; reprinted in 3 vols, 1741
Walsh,
Rev., Robert, A Residence
at Constantinople During … the Greek and Turkish Revolutions,
2 vols, 1836; 2nd edition, 1838
Wheler,
Sir George, A Journey into
Greece, including part 1, “‘A Voyage from Venice to Constantinople”
and part 2, “An Account of Constantinople”, 1682
White,
Charles, Three Years in
Constantinople, 3 vols, 1845; 2nd edition, 1846
Further Reading
Abbott,
G.F., Under the Turk in
Constantinople: A Record of Sir John Finch’s Embassy 1674[-]1681,
London: Macmillan, 1920
Anderson,
Sonia P., An English Consul
in Turkey: Paul Rycaut at Smyrna, 1667[-]1678, Oxford: Clarendon
Press, and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
Baedeker,
Karl, Konstantinopel und
das westliche Kleinasien, Leipzig: Baedeker, 1905
Carrington,
Dorothy, “Constantinople and Turkey” in The
Traveller’s Eye, London and New York: Pilot Press, 1947
Dallaway,
James, Constantinople Ancient
and Modern, London: Cadell and Davies, 1797
Diehl,
Charles, Constantinople,
Paris: H. Laurens, 1924; 2nd edition, 1935
Ehrlich,
Blake, “Istanbul” in The
New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica, 1986, vol.22: 146[-]52
Freely,
John, Istanbul, 3rd
edition, London: A. and C. Black, and New York: Norton, 1991 (Blue
Guide)
Freely,
John, Istanbul: The Imperial
City, London and New York: Viking, 1996
Handbook for Travellers in Turkey in Asia:
Including Constantinople, the Bosphorus, Dardanelles, Brousa and
Plain of Troy, revised edition, London: John Murray, 1872
Handbook for Travellers in Constantinople,
Brousa and the Troad, London: John Murray, 1893; revised edition,
1900
Kelly,
Laurence, Istanbul: A Travellers’
Companion, London: Constable, and New York: Atheneum, 1987
Lewis,
Bernard, Istanbul and the
Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1963
Mansel,
Philip, Constantinople:
City of the World’s Desire 1453[-]1924, London: John Murray,
1995; New York: St Martin’s Press, 1996
Italy: Up to 1800
Travel
Writing
Addison, Joseph, Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c.
in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703, 1705
Archenholz, Johann Wilhem von, England und Italien, 3 vols, 1785; 2nd
edition, 5 vols, 1787; vols 4[-]5 as A
Picture of Italy, translated by Joseph Trapp, 1791
Baretti, Giuseppe, An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy,
2 vols, 1768
Blainville, Monsieur de, Travels through Holland, Germany, Switzerland,
and Other Parts of Europe, but Especially Italy, 3 vols, 1743[-]45
Bourdin, Charles, Voyage d’Italie, 1699
Burnet, Gilbert, Some Letters, Containing an Account of what
seemed most Remarkable in Switzerland, Italy, &c., 1686; facsimile, 1972
Deseine, François, Nouveau voyage d’Italie, 2 vols, 1699
Dickens, Charles, Pictures from Italy, 1846; edited by Kate
Flint, 1998
Du Boccage, Marie-Anne, Lettres de Madame Du Boccage, 1764; as
Letters Concerning England, Holland and Italy,
2 vols, 1770
Germain, Michel, Lettres d’Italie (1685[-]1686), edited
by John Paul McDonald, 1992
Jagemann, Christian Joseph, Briefe über Italien, 3 vols, 1778[-]85
Jeffereys, David, A Journal from London to Rome, 1742
Lalande, Joseph de Jérôme, Voyage d’un François en Italie, 8 vols,
1769
Misson, Maximilien, Nouveau voyage d’Italie, 2 vols, 1691;
as A New Voyage to Italy,
1695; 5th edition, 1739
Montesquieu, Lettres persanes, 2 vols, 1721; as Persian Letters, translated by C.J. Betts, 1973
Morritt, John B.S., A Grand Tour: Letters and Journeys 1794[-]96,
edited by G.E. Marandin, 1985 [first published 1914]
Moryson, Fynes, An Itinerary, 1617; facsimile, 1971
Saint Non, Abbé de, Voyage pittoresque, ou Description des Royaumes
de Naples et de Sicile, 4 vols, 1781[-]86
Swinburne, Henry, Travels in the Two Sicilies, in the Years 1777,
1778, 1779, and 1780, 2 vols, 1783[-]85
Veryard, Ellis, An Account of Divers Choice Remarks ... Taken in a Journey through the
Low Countries, France, Italy, and Part of Spain, 1701
Further Reading
Altgeld, Wolfgang, Das politische Italienbild der Deutschen zwischen
Aufklärung und europäischer Revolution von 1848, Tübingen:
Max Niemeyer, 1984
Anagnine, Eugenio, “L’Italia vista
da viaggiatori francesi del sec. XVII”, Nuova
rivista storica, 15 (1937): 1[-]27
Bartlett, Kenneth R., The English in Italy, 1525[-]1558: A Study
in Culture and Politics, Geneva: Slatkine, 1991
Battafarano, Italo Michele (editor),
Italienische Reise / Reisen
nach Italien, Gardolo: Reverdito, 1988
Battafarano, Italo Michele (editor),
Deutsche Aufklärung und
Italien, Bern and New York: Peter Lang, 1992
Black, Jeremy, “Italy and the Grand
Tour: The British Experience in the Eighteenth Century” in L’odeporica/Hodoeporics: On Travel Literature, edited by Luigi Monga,
Annali d’italianistica,
14 (1996): 532[-]41
Blunt, Anthony, “Naples as seen by
French Travellers, 1630[-]1780” in The
Artist and the Writer in France: Essays in Honour of Jean Seznec,
edited by Francis Haskell, Anthony Levi and Robert Shackleton,
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974
Brilli, Attilio, Reisen in Italien: Die Kulturgeschichte der
klassischen Italienreise vom 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert,
Cologne: DuMont, 1989
Burke, Peter, “The Discreet Charm of
Milan: English Travellers in the Seventeenth Century” in his Varieties of Cultural History, Cambridge:
Polity, and Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1997
Canepa, Andrew, “From Degenerate Scoundrel
to Noble Savage: The Italian Stereotype in 18th-Century British
Travel Literature,” English
Miscellany, 22 (1977): 107[-]46
Chaney, Edward, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and “The Voyage
of Italy” in the Seventeenth Century, Geneva: Slatkine, 1985
Chaney, Edward, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since
the Renaissance, London: Cass, 1998
Chard, Chloe, “The Intensification of Italy: Food, Wine and the Foreign
in Seventeenth-Century Travel Writing” in Food,
Culture and History: Papers of the London Food Seminar, 1 edited by Gerald and Valerie Mars (1993): 95[-]118
Chard, Chloe, Pleasure and Guilt on the Grand Tour: Travel Writing and Imaginative Geography
1600[-]1830, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999
De Seta, Cesare, L’Italia del Grand Tour: Da Montaigne a Goethe,
Naples: Electa, 1992
Festa, Georges, “Génie d’une littérature:
l’Italie des voyageurs français au siècle des Lumières,” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century,
266 (1989): 451[-]97
Gosman, Martin, “Viaggiatori olandesi
in Italia (1500[-]1700),” Bulletin
van het Belgisch Historisch Instituut te Rome, 61 (1991):
37[-]58
Harder, Hermann, Le Président de Brosses et le voyage en Italie
au 18ième siècle, Geneva: Slatkine, 1981
Harder, Hermann, “Französische Italien-Reisende
des XVIII. Jahrhunderts,” Arcadia,
19 (1984): 1[-]19
Heitmann, Klaus and Teodoro Scamardi
(editors), Deutsches Italienbild
und italienisches Deutschlandbild im 18. Jahrhundert, Tübingen:
M. Niemeyer, 1983
Ingamells,
John (editor), A Dictionary
of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701[-]1800, New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press, 1997
Kirby, Paul Franklin, The Grand Tour in Italy (1700[-]1800),
New York: S.F. Vanni, 1952
Klenze, Camillo von, The Interpretation of Italy during the Last
Two Centuries: A Contribution to the Study of Goethe’s “Italienische Reise,” Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1907
Laubriet, Paul, “Les Guides de voyages
au début du XVIIIe siècle et la propagande philosophique,” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century,
32 (1965): 269[-]325
Meier, Albert, “Von der enzyklopädischen
Studienreise zur ästhetischen Bildungsreise. Italienreisen im
18. Jahrhundert” in Der
Reisebericht: die Entwicklung einer Galtung in der deutschen Literatur,
edited by Peter J. Brenner, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1989
Mortier, Roland, “Les voyageurs français
en Italie et le débat sur les institutions au XVIIIe siècle” in
Modèles et moyens de la réflexion politique
au XVIIIe siècle, vol. 1, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France: Publications
de l’université de Lille III, 1977
Oswald, Stefan, Italienbilder: Beiträge zur Wandlung der deutschen Italienauffassung 1770[-]1840,
Heidelberg: Winter, 1985
Parks, George B., “The Decline and
Fall of the English Renaissance Admiration of Italy,” Huntington Library Quarterly, 31 (1967[-]68): 341[-]57
Pine-Coffin, R.S., Bibliography of British and American Travel
in Italy to 1860, Florence: Olschki, 1974
Schudt, Ludwig, Italienreisen im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, Vienna: Scholl, 1959
Segrè, Carlo, “Il viaggio dell’Addison
in Italia,” Nuova antologia,
270 (1930): 3[-]20; 164[-]80
Sells,
A. Lytton, The Paradise
of Travellers: The Italian Influence on Englishmen in the Seventeenth
Century, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, and London:
Allen and Unwin, 1964
Shackleton, Robert, “Travel and the
Enlightenment: Naples as a Specimen” in Essays
on the Age of the Enlightenment in Honor of Ira O. Wade, edited
by Jean Macary, Geneva: Droz, 1977
Stoye,
John, English Travellers
Abroad, 1604[-]1667: Their Influence in English Society and Politics,
London: Jonathan Cape, 1952; revised edition, New Haven, Connecticut
and London: Yale University Press, 1989
Tresoldi, Lucia, Viaggiatori tedeschi in Italia 1452[-]1870:
saggio bibliografico, 2 vols, Rome: Bluzoni, 1975[-]77
Van Den Abbeele, Georges, “Goodbye
Columbus: Madame Du Bocage and the Alienation of Identity (Or:
Not Exactly ‘La Vie de Marie-Anne’)” in L’opeporica/Hodoeporics:
On Travel Literature, edited by Luigi Monga, Annali d’italianistica, 14 (1996): 409[-]24
Venturi, Franco, “L’Italia fuori d’Italia”
in Storia d’Italia,
vol. 3: Dal primo Settecento
all’Unità, edited by Ruggiero Romano, Turin: Einaudi, 1973
Author, Viaggiatori del Grand Tour in Italia, Milan:
Touring Club Italiano, 1987
Wilton, Andrew and Ilaria Bignamini
(editors), Grand Tour: The
Lure of Italy in the Eighteenth Century, London: Tate Gallery,
1996
Italy: since 1800
Travel
Writing
Beckford,
Peter, Familiar Letters
from Italy to a Friend in England, 1805
Blessington,
Marguerite, Countess of, The
Idler in Italy, 1839
Bowen,
Elizabeth, A Time in Rome,
1960
Butler,
Samuel, Alps and Sanctuaries
of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino, 1881
Chateaubriand,
François René de, Voyages
en Amérique et en Italie, 2 vols, 1827; as Travels
in America and Italy, 1828
Colet,
Louise, L’Italie des Italiens,
4 vols, 1862[-]64
Cooper,
James Fenimore, Gleanings
in Europe: Italy, 2 vols, 1838
Craven,
Richard Keppel, A Tour through
the Southern Provinces of the Kingdom of Naples, 1821
Craven,
Richard Keppel, Excursions
in the Abruzzi and Northern Provinces of Naples, 1838
Dennis,
George, The Cities and Cemeteries
of Etruria, 1848
Dennis,
George, A Handbook for Travellers
in Sicily, 1864
Dickens,
Charles, Pictures from Italy,
1846
Douglas,
Norman, Old Calabria,
1915
Durrell,
Lawrence, Sicilian Carousel,
1977
Eustace,
John Chetwode, A Classical
Tour through Italy, an. MDCCCII, 3rd edition, 4 vols, 1815
Fallowell,
Duncan, To Noto, or, London
to Sicily in a Ford, 1989
Forsyth,
Joseph, Remarks on Antiquities,
Arts, and Letters during an Excursion in Italy in the Years 1802
and 1803, 1813
Gautier,
Théophile, Voyage en Italie,
1875
Gillespie,
William M., Rome: As Seen
by a New-Yorker in 1843[-]4, 1845
Gissing,
George, By the Ionian Sea:
Notes of a Ramble in Southern Italy, 1901
Goncourt,
Edmond de and Jules de Goncourt, L’Italie
d’hier, notes de voyage, 1855[-]1856, 1894
Hamilton
Gray, Elizabeth Caroline, Tour
to the Sepulchres of Etruria, in 1839, 1840; 3rd edition,
1843
Hare,
Augustus J.C., Walks in
Rome, 1871
Hare,
Augustus J.C., Cities of
Northern and Central Italy, 3 vols, 1876
Hare,
Augustus J.C., Cities of
Southern Italy and Sicily, 1883
Hawthorne,
Nathaniel, Passages from
the French and Italian Note-books, 2 vols, 1871
Hazlitt,
William, Notes of a Journey
through France and Italy, 1826
Heine,
Heinrich, Reisebilder,
4 vols, 1826[-]31; selection, as Heinrich
Heine’s Italian Travel Sketches, translated by Elizabeth Sharp,
1927
Hewlett,
Maurice, The Road in Tuscany:
A Commentary, 1904
Hoare,
Sir Richard Colt, A Tour
through the Island of Elba, 1814
Hoare,
Sir Richard Colt, A Classical
Tour through Italy and Sicily, 1819
Hutton,
Edward, The Cities of Umbria,
1905
Huxley,
Aldous, Along the Road,
1925
James,
Henry, Italian Hours,
1909
Konody,
P.J, Through the Alps to
the Apennines, 1911
Lamartine,
Alphonse de, Mémoires inédits
… 1790[-]1815, 1870
Lanciani,
Rodolfo, A.S. Murray, Sir A. Henry Layard, and H.W. Pullen (editors),
A Handbook of Rome and its Environs, 15th
edition, 1894
Lawrence,
D.H., Twilight in Italy,
1916
Lawrence,
D.H., Sea and Sardinia,
1921
Lawrence,
D.H., Etruscan Places,
1932
Lear,
Edward, Illustrated Excursions
in Italy, 2 vols, 1846
Lear,
Edward, Journals of a Landscape
Painter in Southern Calabria, 1852; as Edward
Lear in Southern Italy, introduced by Peter Quennell, 1964
Lee,
Vernon, Genius Loci: Notes
on Places, 1899
Lee,
Vernon, The Sentimental
Traveller, 1908
Lister,
Charles, Between Two Seas:
A Walk Down the Appian Way, 1991
Macdonell,
Anne, In the Abruzzi,
1908
Mayes,
Frances, Under the Tuscan
Sun: At Home in Italy, 1996
Mayes,
Frances, Bella Tuscany:
The Sweet Life in Italy, 1999
Mommsen,
Theodor, Tagebuch der französisch-italianischen
Reise, 1844-1845, 1976
Morgan,
Lady Sydney, Italy,
2 vols, 1821
Morris,
Jan, Venice, 1960
Morris,
Jan, The Venetian Empire:
A Sea Voyage, 1980
Müntz,
Eugène, Florence et la Toscane,
1897
Newby,
Eric, Love and War in the
Apennines, 1971
Newby,
Eric, On the Shores of the
Mediterranean, 1984
Newby,
Eric, A Small Place in Italy,
1994
Origo,
Iris, War in Val d’Orcia:
A Diary, 1947
Parks,
Tim, Italian Neighbours,
1992
Pitt-Kethley,
Fiona, Journeys to the Underworld,
1988
Romer,
Elizabeth, The Tuscan Year:
Life and Food in an Italian Valley, 1984
Ross,
Janet, The Land of Manfred,
Prince of Tarentum and King of Sicily, 1889
Ruskin,
John, The Stones of Venice,
3 vols, 1851[-]53
Ruskin,
John, Mornings in Florence,
6 parts, 1875[-]77
Ruskin,
John, Praeterita, 3
vols, 1885[-]89
Smith,
John ‘Warwick’, Select Views
in Italy, 2 vols, 1792[-]96
Spender,
Matthew, Within Tuscany,
1992
St
Aubin de Terán, Lisa, A
Valley in Italy, 1994
Starke,
Mariana, Letters from Italy,
between the Years 1792 and 1798,
2 vols, 1800; 2nd edition, 1815
Starke,
Mariana, Travels in Europe
between the Years 1824 and 1828, 1828; 9th edition, 1839
Stendhal,
Rome, Naples et Florence, 1817; as Rome, Naples, and Florence, translated
by Richard N. Coe, 1959
Stendhal,
Promenades dans Rome, 2 vols, 1829; as
A Roman Journal, edited and translated
by Haakon Chevalier, 1959
Symonds,
John Addington, Sketches
and Studies in Italy, 1879
Symonds,
John Addington, Italian
Byways, 1883
Symons,
Arthur, Cities of Italy,
1907
Taine,
Hippolyte, Voyage en Italie,
2 vols, 1866; as Italy,
translated by J. Durand, 1867[-]69
Trollope,
Frances, A Visit to Italy,
2 vols, 1842
Trollope,
Thomas Adolphus, Impressions
of a Wanderer in Italy, Switzerland, France, and Spain, 1850
Trollope,
Thomas Adolphus, A Lenten
Journey in Umbria and the Marches, 1862
Twain,
Mark, The Innocents Abroad,
1869
Valery
(Antoine-Claude Pasquin), Voyages
historiques et littéraires en Italie, pendant les années 1826,
1827 et 1828, ou l’Indicateur italien, 5 vols, 1831[-]33
Valery
(Antoine-Claude Pasquin), Voyages
en Corse, à l’île d’Elbe et en Sardaigne, 2 vols, 1837
Viollet-Le-Luc,
E., Lettres d’Italie, 1836[-]1837: addressées à sa famille,
1971
Waugh,
Evelyn, Labels: A Mediterranean
Journal, 1930
Wharton,
Edith, Italian Villas and
Their Gardens, 1904
Wharton,
Edith, Italian Backgrounds,
1905
Further Reading
Anderson,
Sarah, Anderson’s Travel
Companion: A Guide to the Best Non-Fiction and Fiction for Travelling, Aldershot and Brookfield, Vermont: Scolar
Press, 1995
Baglioni,
Paolo, “Flussi turistici in Italia e in Toscana” in Opportunità e tendenze del turismo comunitario, edited by Lucio Scognamiglio,
Milan: Franco Angeli, 1992
Baker,
Paul R., The Fortunate Pilgrims:
Americans in Italy, 1800[-]1860, Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, 1964
Barrows,
Herbert, “Convention and Novelty in the Romantic Generation’s
Experience of Italy” in Literature
as a Mode of Travel: Five Essays and a Postscript, edited
with an introduction by Warner G. Rice, New York: New York Public
Library, 1963
Bianchi,
Giuliano, “L’Italia nella specializzazione turistica internazionale”
in Opportunità e tendenze del turismo comunitario,
edited by Lucio Scognamiglio, Milan: Franco Angeli, 1992
Bohls,
Elizabeth A., Women Travel
Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, 1716[-]1818, Cambridge
and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995
Borghi,
Liana, Nicoletta Livi Bacci and Uta Treder (editors), Viaggio e scrittura: Le straniere nell’Italia dell’Ottocento, Florence:
Libreria delle donne, 1988
Botta,
Giorgio (editor), Cultura
del viaggio: Ricostruzione storico-geografica del territorio,
Milan: Unicopli, 1989
Brand,
C.P., Italy and the English
Romantics: The Italianate Fashion in Early Nineteenth-Century
England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957
Brilli,
Attilio, Il viaggiatore
immaginario: L’Italia degli itinerari perduti,
Bologna: Mulino, 1997
Brilli,
Attilio, Quando viaggiare
era un’arte: il romanzo del Grand Tour,
Bologna: Mulino, 1995
Brooks,
Van Wyck, The Dream of Arcadia:
American Writers and Artists in Italy,
1760[-]1915, London: Dent, 1958
Buzard,
James, The Beaten Track:
European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways to Culture, 1800-1918,
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
Cabiddu,
Miryam, Viaggiatori inglesi
dell’800 in Sardegna,
Cagliari: ESA, 1980
Churchill,
Kenneth, Italy and English
Literature, 1764-1930, London: Macmillan, and Totowa, New
Jersey: Barnes and Noble, 1980
Crotti,
Ilaria (editors), Il viaggio
in Italia: Modelli, stili, lingue, Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche
Italiane, 1999
De
Grada, Raffaele, and others, Giornale
di viaggio in Italia: l’attività dei …Pittori europei in Italia
nell’800: Occasioni e memorie:
Busto Arsizio: Bramante, 1985
De
Seta, Cesare, “L’Italia nello specchio del Grand Tour”, in Storia d’Italia: Annali, vol. 5:
Il paesaggio, edited by Cesare De Seta, Turin: Einaudi, 1982
De
Seta, Cesare, Vedutisti
e viaggiatori in Italia tra Settecento e Ottocento: Turin:
Bollati Boringhieri, 1999
Di
Mauro, Leonardo, “L’Italia e le guide turistiche dall’Unità ad
oggi”, in Storia d’Italia: Annali, vol. 5: Il paesaggio, edited by Cesare De Seta,
Turin: Einaudi, 1982
Hersant,
Yves, Italies: Anthologie
des voyageurs français au XVIII et XIX siècle,
Paris: Laffont, 1988
Johnston,
William M., In Search of
Italy: Foreign Writers in Northern Italy since 1800, University
Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1987
Klenze,
Camillo von, The Interpretation
of Italy during the Last Two Centuries: A Contribution to the
Study of Goethe’s “Italienische Reise,” Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1907
Lo
Gatto, Ettore, Russi in
Italia, dal secolo XVII ad oggi, Rome: Riuniti, 1971
Marcenaro,
Giuseppe, and Piero Boragina, Italie,
il sogno di Stendhal,
Milan: Silvana, 2000
Marshall,
Roderick, Italy in English
Literature, 1755[-]1815: Origins of the Romantic Interest in Italy,
New York: Columbia University Press, 1934
Maugham,
H. Neville, The Book of
Italian Travel (1580[-]1900), London: Grant Richards, 1903
Maurer,
Doris and Arnold E. Maurer, Guida
letteraria dell’Italia, edited by Giancarlo Pontiggia, translated
from the German by Adriana Apa and Rosella Carpinella, Parma:
Guanda, 1993
Mengin,
Urbain, L’Italie des romantiques,
Paris: Plon-Nourrit et Cie, 1902
Menichelli,
Gian Carlo, Viaggiatori
francesi reali o immaginari nell’Italia dell’Ottocento, Rome:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1962
Mozzillo,
Atanasio, La frontiera del
Grand Tour: Viaggi e viaggiatori nel Mezzogiorno borbonico,
Naples: Liguori, 1992
Norci
Cagiano de Azevedo, Letizia, Lo
specchio del viaggiatore: Scenari italiani tra Barocco e Romanticismo,
Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1992
Paloscia,
Franco (editor), Firenze
dei grandi viaggiatori, Rome: Abete, 1993
Pemble,
John, The Mediterranean
Passion: Victorians and Edwardians in the South,
Oxford: Clarendon Press, and New York: Oxford University Press,
1987
Pfister,
Manfred (editor), The Fatal
Gift of Beauty: The Italies of British Travellers. An Annotated
Anthology, Amsterdam and Atlanta, Georgia: Rodopi, 1996
Pine-Coffin,
R.S., Bibliography of British
and American Travel in Italy to 1860, Florence: Olschki, 1974
Powell,
Cecilia, Italy in the Age
of Turner: “The Garden of the World”, London: Merrell Holberton,
1998
Richardson,
E.P. and O. Wittman Jr, Travelers
in Arcadia: American Artists in Italy, 1830[-]1875, Detroit:
Detroit Institute of Arts, 1951
Stewart,
Susan, Crimes of Writing:
Problems in the Containment of Representation, Oxford and
New York: Oxford University Press, 1991
Venturi,
Franco, ‘L’Italia fuori d’Italia’ in Storia
d’Italia, 6 vols, vol. 3, Turin: Einaudi, 1972[-]76
Woś,
Jan Władysław, Polacchi
a Firenze, 5th edition, Trento: Civis, 1987
Zeri,
Federico, La percezione
visiva dell’Italia e degli italiani, Turin: Einaudi, 1989
Description
| Introduction | Contributors
| Sample Pages | Reviews
Order
Information | Order Online
| Contact Us
| Routledge
Library Reference Home
