Mitchell Aboulafia. Professor and Chair of Philosophy, University of Colorado at Denver. Author, The Mediating Self: Mead, Sartre, and Self-Determination, and other works in social theory and American and Continental philosophy. Editor, Philosophy, Social Theory and the Thought of George Herbert Mead. MEAD

E. M. Adams. Kenan Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Author, Ethical Naturalism and the Modern World-View; Philosophy and the Modern Mind; The Metaphysics of Self and World; and A Society Fit for Human Beings. AUTONOMY OF ETHICS ; LEWIS; NATURALISM.

Harold Alderman. Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Sonoma State University. Author, Nietzsche's Gift, and other works in ethics, aesthetics, and continental philosophy. Consulting editor. ELITE, CONCEPT OF; LIFE, RIGHT TO; MACINTYRE; NIETZSCHE.

Ernest Alleva. Philosophy, Smith College and Hampshire College. MORAL DEVELOPMENT.

Roger T. Ames. Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawaii. Author, books in Chinese and comparative philosophy; translator of classical texts; editor, Philosophy East and West. CHUANG TZU; LAO TZU; TAOIST ETHICS.

Julia Elizabeth Annas. Regents Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona. Recent works include Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind; The Morality of Happiness; Platonic Ethics Old and New. Consulting editor. ETHICS AND MORALITY; FINAL GOOD; SKEPTICISM IN ANCIENT ETHICS.

Kwame A. Appiah. Professor of Afro-American Studies and Philosophy, Harvard University. Author, Assertion and Conditionals; For Truth in Semantics; Necessary Questions; and In My Father's House: Essays in the Philosophy of African Cultures. AFRICA; ANTHROPOLOGY.

Richard J. Arneson. Professor of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego. Author of works on political philosophy. EXPLOITATION.

John D. Arras. Porterfield Professor of Bioethics and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. Author of articles on bioethics; co-editor of Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine (5th ed.); editor of Bringing the Hospital Home. NARRATIVE ETHICS; SLIPPERY SLOPE ARGUMENTS.

John E. Atwell (1934-1995). Late Professor of Philosophy, Temple University. Author, Ends and Principles in Kant's Moral Thought; Schopenhauer: The Human Character; Schopenhauer on the Character of the World: The Metaphysics of Will. General editor, Series in Occupational Ethics. BRADLEY.

Annette C. Baier. Professor of Philosophy Emerita, University of Pittsburgh. Author, Postures of the Mind; A Progress of Sentiments: Reflections on Hume's "Treatise"; Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics; and The Commons of the Mind: The Paul Carus Lecture Series 19. Consulting editor. HUME; PASSION.

Kurt Baier. Distinguished Service Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, University of Pittsburgh. Author, The Moral Point of View; The Rational and the Moral Order; and Problems of Life and Death. Consulting editor. MORAL REASONING.

Marcia W. Baron. Philosophy, Indiana University. Author, Kantian Ethics Almost Without Apology; and articles on crime and culpability, Kantian ethics and Hume's ethics. Consulting editor. LOYALTY; SUPEREROGATION.

Brian Barry. Arnold A. Saltzman Professor of Philosophy and Political Science, Columbia University. Works include Political Argument; Theories of Justice; Justice as Impartiality; and Culture and Equality. EQUALITY; POLITICAL SYSTEMS.

Margaret P. Battin. Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, University of Utah. Author, Ethical Issues in Suicide; Ethics in the Sanctuary; The Least Worst Death. Co-author, Puzzles About Art and Ethical Issues in the Professions. Co-editor, John Donne's Biathanatos. SUICIDE.

Charlotte B. Becker. Former music, catalog, and bibliographic instruction librarian. Author of general interest articles and reviews. Co-editor.

Lawrence C. Becker. Kenan Professor in the Humanities and Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, College of William and Mary; Fellow, Hollins University. Works include Property Rights: Philosophic Foundations; Reciprocity; A New Stoicism. Co-editor. GODWIN; MORAL LUCK; NOZICK; PRIDE; PROPERTY; RECIPROCITY; SOCIAL CONTRACT; WOLLSTONECRAFT.

Hugo Adam Bedau. Austin Fletcher Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Tufts University. Author, Making Mortal Choices; Thinking and Writing About Philosophy; Death is Different. Editor, The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies; Civil Disobedience. APPLIED ETHICS; BECCARIA; CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; CASUISTRY; CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE.

Charles R. Beitz. Professor of Government and Legal Studies, Bowdoin College. Works include Political Theory and International Relations; Political Equality: An Essay in Democratic Theory. Editor, International Ethics. Editor of the journal, Philosophy & Public Affairs. INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE: CONFLICT.

Martin Benjamin. Professor of Philosophy, Michigan State University. Author, Splitting the Difference: Compromise and Integrity in Ethics and Politics. Co-author, Ethics in Nursing. COMPROMISE; NURSING ETHICS.

Robert Benne. Jordan-Trexler Professor of Religion, Roanoke College. Author, The Paradoxical Vision: A Public Theology; Ordinary Saints: An Introduction to the Christian Life. LUTHER; NIEBUHR.

Robert Bernasconi. Moss Professor of Philosophy, The University of Memphis. Author, The Question of Language in Heidegger's History of Being; Heidegger in Question. Co-editor, The Idea of Race; The Provocation of Levinas; and Rereading Levinas. HUMANISM; LEVINAS.

Lawrence Blum. Professor of Philosophy, Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts and Education, University of Massachusetts, Boston. Author, Friendship, Altruism, and Morality; Moral Perception and Particularity. Co-author, A Truer Liberty: Simone Weil and Marxism. ALTRUISM; CARE; PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS; WEIL.

James Bohman. Danforth Professor of Philosophy at Saint Louis University. Author, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity and Democracy; New Philosophy of Social Science: Problems of Indeterminacy; other work in critical theory, the philosophy of social science, and political philosophy. CRITICAL THEORY.

Sissela Bok. Formerly, Professor of Philosophy, Brandeis University. Author, Lying; Secrets; A Strategy for Peace; Common Values; Mayhem; and Alva Myrdal: A Daughter's Memoir. Consulting editor. DECEIT.

E. J. Bond. Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. Author, Reason and Value and other works in ethics, value theory, aesthetics, and epistemology. GOOD, THEORIES OF THE; MATERIALISM; PURITANISM; VALUE, CONCEPT OF.

Bernard R. Boxill. Professor of Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Author, Blacks and Social Justice and other works in moral philosophy. CIVIL RIGHTS AND CIVIC DUTIES; KING; RACISM AND RELATED ISSUES.

R. B. Brandt (1910-1997). Late Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, University of Michigan. Works include Ethical Theory; A Theory of the Good and the Right; and Hopi Ethics. Consulting editor. IDEAL OBSERVER.

David Braybrooke. Centennial Commission Professor in the Liberal Arts, Professor of Government and Professor of Philosophy, University of Texas. Fellow, Royal Society of Canada. Works include Philosophy of Social Science; Meeting Needs; Moral Objectives, Rules, and the Forms of Social Change; Natural Law Modernized. Co-author, Logic on the Track of Social Change. Consulting editor. COMMON GOOD; CORRUPTION; INTERESTS; NEEDS.

Richard Bronaugh. Professor of Philosophy Emeritus and Adjunct Professor of Law, University of Western Ontario. Co-founder and Senior Editor, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence. CONTRACTS; PROMISES.

John Broome. White's Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Oxford. Author, Weighing Goods; Ethics Out of Economics; Counting the Cost of Global Warming. DISCOUNTING THE FUTURE; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.

Taft Broome, Jr. Professor of Engineering, Howard University. Works include "Engineering the Philosophy of Science" and "Engineering Responsibility for Hazardous Technologies." ENGINEERING ETHICS.

Charlotte Brown. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Illinois Wesleyan University. Author of articles on David Hume's Ethics and on the British moralists. BALGUY; MORAL SENSE THEORISTS; PALEY; STEVENSON; WOLLASTON.

Jacques Brunschwig. Professor Emeritus, University of Paris--I. Author, Papers in Hellenistic Philosophy. Co-editor, Le Savoir grec and Passions and Perceptions. CRADLE ARGUMENTS.

Allen Buchanan. Professor of Philosophy, University of Arizona. Author, Marx and Justice; Ethics, Efficiency and the Market; Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce. Co-author, The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making; From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. JUSTICE, DISTRIBUTIVE.

Ann Bumpus. Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Dartmouth College. Author of "Actors Without Intentions: The Double Phenomenon View" and "Aiming and Intending." INTENTION.

Charles Butterworth. Professor of Government and Politics, University of Maryland. Author, Between the State and Islam; "The Political Teaching of Avicenna." Editor and translator, Averroës' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Poetics. AVICENNA; FARABI, AL-; IBN RUSHD; IBN TUFAYL.

Steven M. Cahn. Professor of Philosophy, City University of New York Graduate School. Works include Saints and Scamps: Ethics in Academia. Editor, Morality, Responsibility, and the University: Studies in Academic Ethics. General editor, Issues in Academic Ethics. ACADEMIC ETHICS.

Cheshire Calhoun. Professor of Philosophy, Colby College. Author, Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement. Editor, What is an Emotion? POLITICAL CORRECTNESS.

J. Baird Callicott. Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies, University of North Texas. Works include In Defense of the Land Ethic; Beyond the Land Ethic; Earth's Insights; and book chapters and journal articles. CONSERVATION ETHICS; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS; LEOPOLD.

James Campbell. Professor of Philosophy, University of Toledo (Ohio). Author, Understanding John Dewey; Recovering Benjamin Franklin; and other works in social philosophy and the history of American Philosophy. TUFTS

Richmond Campbell. Professor of Philosophy, Dalhousie University (Nova Scotia). Author, Illusions of Paradox; Self-Love and Self-Respect. Co-editor, Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation. An editor of Canadian Journal of Philosophy. EGOISM.

Claudia Card. Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Author, Lesbian Choices and The Unnatural Lottery: Character and Moral Luck. Editor of Feminist Ethics; Adventures in Lesbian Philosophy; On Feminist Ethics and Politics; and the forthcoming Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir. FIDELITY; LESBIAN ETHICS; MERCY.

Thomas L. Carson. Professor of Philosophy, Loyola University of Chicago. Author, The Status of Morality; and Value and the Good Life. Co-Editor of Morality and the Good Life; and Moral Relativism. BRIBERY.

Hsueh-li Cheng. Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawaii, Hilo. Author, Empty Logic and Exploring Zen. Translator and commentator, Nagarjuna's Twelve Gate Treatise. Co-editor, New Essays in Chinese Philosophy. Editor-in-chief, International Review of Chinese Religion and Philosophy. Consulting editor. BUDDHA; BUDDHIST ETHICS; JAINISM; NAGARJUNA.

James F. Childress. Kyle Professor of Religious Studies and Professor of Medical Education, University of Virginia. Author, Practical Reasoning in Bioethics. Co-author, Principles of Biomedical Ethics. PRINCIPLISM.

Roderick M. Chisholm (1916-1999). Late Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Brown University. Author, Franz Brentano and Intrinsic Value; Theory of Knowledge; Perceiving; Person and Object; The First Person; and On Metaphysics. Translator of Brentano. BRENTANO.

Thomas Christiano. Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Arizona. Author, Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory, and articles on theories of justice, democratic theory, and foundations of moral philosophy. DEMOCRACY.

Maudemarie Clark. George Carleton, Jr., Professor of Philosophy, Colgate University. Author, Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy. Co-editor, Nietzsche's Daybreak; Co-editor and co-translator, Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morality. IMMORALISM.

S. R. L. Clark. Professor of Philosophy, University of Liverpool. Author, The Political Animal; Biology and Christian Ethics; Civil Peace and Sacred Order; and other works on Aristotle, animals, philosophy of religion, philosophical psychology, and neo-Platonism. PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY.

C. A. J. (Tony) Coady. Gibson Professor of Philosophy and Deputy Director of the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, University of Melbourne. Author, Testimony: A Philosophical Study, and other works on political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind, epistemology. DIRTY HANDS; TERRORISM.

John M. Cooper. Stuart Professor of Philosophy, Princeton University. Author, Reason and Human Good in Aristotle; Reason and Emotion: Essays on Ancient Moral Psychology and Ethical Theory. Editor, Plato: Complete Works. FRIENDSHIP; HISTORY 2: CLASSICAL GREEK.

David Copp. Professor of Philosophy, Bowling Green State University (Ohio). Author, Morality, Normativity, and Society. Co-editor, The Idea of Democracy; Morality, Reason and Truth; and Pornography and Censorship. METAETHICS; SKEPTICISM IN ETHICS.

John Cottingham. Professor of Philosophy, University of Reading. Author, Philosophy and the Good Life; Descartes; The Rationalists; "Varieties of Retribution"; "Partiality and the Virtues"; "The Ethical Credentials of Partiality"; and other works on history of philosophy, ethics, and philosophy of law. JUSTICE, RECTIFICATORY.

Antonio S. Cua. Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Catholic University of America. Author, Dimensions of Moral Creativity; Ethical Argumentation: A Study in Hsun Tzu's Moral Epistemology; Moral Vision and Tradition: Essays in Chinese Ethics. Co-editor, Journal of Chinese Philosophy. Consulting editor. CONFUCIAN ETHICS; HSUN TZU; WANG YANG-MING.

Garrett Cullity. Lecturer in Moral Philosophy, University of St. Andrews. Author of essays in normative and meta-ethics. Co-editor, Ethics and Practical Reason. PUBLIC GOODS.

Randall Curren. Associate Professor, Philosophy and Education, University of Rochester. Author, Aristotle on the Necessity of Public Education, and other works in ancient, moral, legal, political, and educational philosophy. Editor, A Companion to the Philosophy of Education (forthcoming). MORAL EDUCATION.

Norman Daniels. Professor of Philosophy, Tufts University. Author of Just Health Care; Am I My Parents' Keeper?; Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice; and other works on ethics and public policy. PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY; REFLECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM.

Stephen L. Darwall. Professor of Philosophy, University of Michigan. Author, Impartial Reason; The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought'; and other works on moral theory and on the foundations and history of ethics. CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS; CUDWORTH; HUTCHESON; SHAFTESBURY.

G. Scott Davis. Booker Professor of Religion and Ethics, University of Richmond. Author, works on medieval and early modern ethics, ethics and religion, and the just war tradition. HISTORY 5: EARLY MEDIEVAL; MYSTICISM.

N. Ann Davis. Professor of Philosophy, Pomona College. Works include articles on abortion and self-defense, the doctrine of double effect, deontology, utilitarianism, and rights. ABORTION.

John Deigh. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Northwestern University. Author, The Sources of Moral Agency; and articles on moral and political philosophy. Editor, Ethics. GUILT AND SHAME; INNOCENCE.

Maurizio Passerin d'Entrèves. Chair of Philosophy, University of Cape Town. Author, Modernity, Justice and Community and The Political Philosophy of Hannah Arendt. Co-editor, Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity and Public and Private. COMMUNITARIANISM.

Ronald de Sousa. Professor of Philosophy, University of Toronto. Author, The Rationality of Emotion. Interests include Greek philosophy, cognitive science, ethics, philosophy of biology. EMOTION.

Eliot Deutsch. Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawaii, Manoa. Editor, Philosophy East and West. Works include Personhood, Creativity and Freedom and Studies in Comparative Aesthetics. Translator of the Bhagavad Gita. Consulting editor.

Lewis Anthony Dexter (1915-1995). Held Visiting Professorships at several universities and state government positions in Massachusetts. Author, "Scandals and Scandalization" (Encyclopedia of American Political History). CORRUPTION.

Cora Diamond. William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Philosophy, University of Virginia. Author, The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein, Philosophy, and the Mind. Editor, Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics. Consulting editor. ANSCOMBE; INTEGRITY; WITTGENSTEIN; WITTGENSTEINIAN ETHICS.

Mary G. Dietz. Professor, Political Science, University of Minnesota. Works include, Between the Human and the Divine: The Political Thought of Simone Weil. Editor, Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory. CIVIC GOOD AND VIRTUE.

Alan Donagan (1925-1991). Late Doris and Henry Dreyfuss Professor of Philosophy, California Institute of Technology. Works include Choice: The Essential Element in Human Action and Spinoza. Consulting editor. CONSCIENCE; DELIBERATION AND CHOICE; HISTORY12: 20TH CENTURY ANGLO-AMERICAN; SPINOZA; WHEWELL.

Thomas Donaldson. Mark O. Winkleman Professor, Professor of Legal Studies, and Director, Wharton Ethics Program, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Co-author, Ties That Bind. JUSTICE, CIRCUMSTANCES OF.

John Doris. Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Santa Cruz. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY.

Gerald Dworkin. Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Davis. Author, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy; Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide. Editor, Mill's 'On Liberty'. Consulting editor. PATERNALISM.

Abulfadl Mohsin Ebrahim. Professor of Islamic Studies, School of Religion and Culture, University of Durban-Westville (South Africa). Author, Abortion, Birth Control and Surrogate Parenting: An Islamic Perspective; Organ Transplantation: Islamic Ethico-Legal Perspectives. ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS.

Abraham Edel. Research Professor of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania; Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, City University of New York. Works include Method in Ethical Theory; Science, Ideology, and Value; Aristotle and His Philosophy. Consulting editor. NATURE AND ETHICS; PERRY; VALUE, THEORY OF.

Paul Edwards. New School University; Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Brooklyn College. Author, The Logic of Moral Discourse; Heidegger and Death; Reincarnation: A Critical Examination. Editor-in-Chief, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967). Editor, Voltaire's Philosophical Writing and Immortality. RUSSELL; VOLTAIRE.

Rem B. Edwards. Lindsay Young Professor of Humanities Emeritus, University of Tennessee. Author, Bio Ethics; Religious Values and Valuations; What Caused the Big Bang? EDWARDS; JEFFERSON.

Gerard Elfstrom. Professor of Philosophy, Auburn University. Author, Moral Issues and Multinational Corporations; New Challenges for Political Philosophy; and International Ethics: A Reference Handbook. Co-author, Military Ethics. COSMOPOLITAN ETHICS; HONOR; MILITARY ETHICS.

Anthony Ellis. Professor of Philosophy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Author of articles in a wide area of philosophy, including political philosophy and philosophy of law. PUNISHMENT.

Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson. Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Iceland. Author, Plotinus on Sense-Perception: A Philosophical Study. PLOTINUS.

Gertrude Ezorsky. Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Emerita. Author, Racism and Justice: The Case for Affirmative Action, and other publications in ethics and social philosophy. Editor, Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment and Moral Rights in the Workplace. DISCRIMINATION.

Joel Feinberg. Regents Professor of Philosophy and Law Emeritus, University of Arizona. Author of The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. HARM AND OFFENSE.

Fred Feldman. Professor of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Author, Utilitarianism, Hedonism, and Desert; Doing the Best We Can: An Essay in Informal Deontic Logic; and Confrontations With the Reaper. HEDONISM; LOGIC AND ETHICS.

John Martin Fischer. Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Riverside. Author, The Metaphysics of Free Will: An Essay on Control. Co-author, Responsibility and Control: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. Editor, Moral Responsibility and God, Foreknowledge, and Freedom. Co-editor, Ethics: Problems and Principles. DEATH; FATE AND FATALISM; FREEDOM AND DETERMINISM.

James Fishkin. Professor and Chair, Department of Government, and Darrell K. Royal Regents Chair in Ethics and American Society, University of Texas at Austin. Director, Center for Deliberative Polling. Author of "Tyranny and Legitimacy"; "Democracy and Deliberation"; "The Dialogue of Justice"; and other works in political theory and political behavior. BARRY.

Richard E. Flathman. George Armstrong Kelly Memorial Professor of Political Science, The Johns Hopkins University. Works include Willful Liberalism; Thomas Hobbes, Skepticism, Individuality and Chastened Politics; Reflections of a Would-Be Anarchist; The Philosophy and Politics of Freedom; and Toward a Liberalism. LIBERALISM.

Elizabeth Flower (1913-1995). Late Professor Emerita of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania. Author of works in moral and legal philosophy. Co-author, A History of Philosophy in America and Morality, Philosophy and Practice. STEWART.

Thomas R. Flynn. Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Philosophy, Emory University. Author of Sartre and Marxist Existentialism; Sartre, Foucault and Historical Reason; and other works on contemporary continental philosophy. ABSURD, THE; AUTHENTICITY; BAD FAITH; DE BEAUVOIR; SARTRE.

Nicholas Fotion. Professor of Philosophy, Emory University. Author, Military Ethics: Looking Toward the Future, and works in medical ethics, ethical theory, and philosophy of language. Co-author, Military Ethics: Guidelines for Peace and War. HONOR; MILITARY ETHICS .

William K. Frankena (1908-1994). Late Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Michigan. Author of books and papers in moral and educational philosophy, including Ethics; Thinking about Morality; and Perspectives on Morality. Consulting editor.

Allie M. Frazier. Professor of Philosophy and Religion Emeritus, Hollins University. Past President, Association of Graduate Liberal Studies Programs. Editor, Eastern Religious Thought. FEUERBACH; KARMA.

Alfred J. Freddoso. Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame. Translator, Ockham's Quodlibeta septem; Part II of Ockham's Summa logicae; Francisco Suarez, On Creation, Conservation, and Concurrence; Francisco Suarez, On Efficient Causality. Author, articles on Ockham. WILLIAM OF OCKHAM.

Michael Freeman. Reader in Government, and Associate Director, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex. Author, Edmund Burke and the Critique of Political Radicalism and other works on democratic theory, revolutions, human rights, and genocide. BURKE; OPPRESSION.

Samuel Freeman. Professor of Philosophy and Law, University of Pennsylvania. Editor and contributor, The Cambridge Companion to John Rawls (forthcoming); Editor, John Rawls's Collected Papers. Author, articles in political and legal philosophy. DEONTOLOGY; RAWLS.

R. G. Frey. Professor of Philosophy, Bowling Green State University. Author, Interests and Rights; Rights, Killing, and Suffering. Co-author, Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide. Editor, Utility and Rights and Liability and Responsibility. ACTS AND OMISSIONS; HARE; MANDEVILLE; TORTURE.

Marilyn Friedman. Professor of Philosophy, Washington University. Author, What Are Friends For? Feminist Perspectives on Personal Relationships and Moral Theory; Autonomy, Gender, Politics (forthcoming). Co-author, Political Correctness: For and Against. PARTIALITY.

Manfred S. Frings. Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, DePaul University. Works include: Max Scheler; The Mind of Max Scheler: The First Comprehensive Guide Based on the Complete Works. Editor, The Collected Works of Max Scheler. Co-editor, The Collected Works of M. Heidegger. SCHELER.

Thomas J. Froehlich. Professor, Library and Information Science, Kent State University. Author, Survey and Analysis of the Major Ethical and Legal Issues Facing Library and Information Services. LIBRARY AND INFORMATION PROFESSIONS.

Jack Fruchtman, Jr. Professor of Political Science, Towson University. Author, Thomas Paine and the Religion of Nature; Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom; studies of Joseph Priestley, Richard Price, Thomas Reid, Thomas Hardy, Thomas Spence, and Helen Maria Williams. PAINE.

Dwight Furrow. Philosophy, San Diego Mesa College. Author, Against Theory: Continental and Analytic Challenges in Moral Philosophy. POSTMODERNISM.

J. L. A. Garcia. Professor, Philosophy Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick. MORAL ABSOLUTES; PROPORTIONALITY; RACISM, CONCEPTS OF.

Newton Garver. Distinguished Service Professor of Philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo. Author, This Complicated Form of Life and Derrida and Wittgenstein. Co-editor, Naturalism and Rationality and Justice, Law and Violence. CIVILITY; GANDHI; PACIFISM; SCHWEITZER.

Bernard Gert. Stone Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, Dartmouth College. Author, Morality: Its Nature and Justification. Co-author, Bioethics and Morality and the New Genetics. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS; CHEATING; GENETIC ENGINEERING; IMPARTIALITY; MORAL RULES.

Joshua Gert. Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Missouri at Columbia. Author of articles on rationality and reasons. REASONS FOR ACTION.

Raymond Geuss. Professor of Political Science, Columbia University. Author, The Idea of a Critical Theory and other works on ethics and political and social philosophy. Consulting editor.

Alan Gewirth. Edward Carson Waller Distinguished Service Professor of Philosophy, University of Chicago. Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Works include Reason and Morality; Human Rights; The Community of Rights; and Self-Fulfillment. Consulting editor. RATIONALITY VS. REASONABLENESS; RIGHTS.

Mary Gibson. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University. Author, Workers' Rights; "Contract Motherhood: Social Practice in Social Context." Editor, To Breathe Freely: Risk, Consent, and Air. Consulting editor. RISK.

Joseph J. Godfrey. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Saint Joseph's University. Author, A Philosophy of Human Hope, and works on hope and trust. HOPE.

Alan H. Goldman. Professor of Philosophy, University of Miami. Author, Moral Knowledge; The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics; Justice and Reverse Discrimination; Empirical Knowledge; Aesthetic Value; and Practical Rules. PRECEDENT; PROFESSIONAL ETHICS.

Alvin Goldman. Regents' Professor of Philosophy, University of Arizona. Author, A Theory of Human Action; Epistemology and Cognition; Liaisons: Philosophy Meets the Cognitive and Social Sciences; and Knowledge and the Social World. Co-editor, Values and Morals. ACTION.

Kenneth E. Goodpaster. Koch Professor of Business Ethics, University of St. Thomas. Works include, Perspectives on Morality; Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century; Policies and Persons; "Can a Corporation Have a Conscience?"; "Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis"; "Conscience and its Counterfeits in Organizational Life." Consulting editor. BUSINESS ETHICS; STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS.

Samuel Gorovitz. Professor of Philosophy and of Public Administration, Syracuse University, and Faculty Scholar in Bioethics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University. Works include Doctors' Dilemmas and Drawing the Line: Life, Death, and Ethical Choices in an American Hospital. BIOETHICS.

J. C. B. Gosling. Retired Principal, St. Edmund Hall, University of Oxford. Works include Pleasure and Desire; Plato; Plato's Philebus; The Greeks on Pleasure; and Weakness of the Will. PLEASURE.

James Gouinlock. Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Emory University. Works include John Dewey's Philosophy of Value; Excellence in Public Discourse: John Stuart Mill, John Dewey, and Social Intelligence; and Rediscovering the Moral Life. Past President, Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy. DEWEY.

Carol C. Gould. Professor of Philosophy, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Adjunct Professor of International Affairs, Columbia University. Author, Marx's Social Ontology and Rethinking Democracy. Editor, Beyond Domination and The Information Web. Co-editor, Women and Philosophy. SELF AND SOCIAL SELF.

Timothy Gould. Philosophy, Metropolitan State College of Denver. Works include essays on Kant's ethics and aesthetics; on Romantic and feminist accounts of culture; on Mill, Emerson, and Nietzsche; and Hearing Things: Voice and Method in the Writing of Stanley Cavell. EMERSON; THOREAU; TRANSCENDENTALISM.

James M. Gustafson. Professor Emeritus, Emory University. Works include Ethics from a Theocentric Perspective; Intersections: Science, Theology, Ethics; Protestant and Roman Catholic Ethics. CHRISTIAN ETHICS; JESUS OF NAZARETH; SITUATION ETHICS.

Paul Guyer. Florence R.C. Murray Professor in the Humanities, University of Pennsylvania. Author, Kant and the Claims of Taste; Kant and the Claims of Knowledge; Kant and the Experience of Freedom; and Kant on Freedom, Law, and Happiness. Editor, Cambridge Companion to Kant and Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Critical Essays. Co-translator of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of the Power of Judgment. SCHILLER; WOLFF.

Knud Haakonssen. Professor of Philosophy, Boston University. Author, The Science of a Legislator and Natural Law and Moral Philosophy. Editor, Thomas Reid's Practical Ethics; Enlightenment and Religion; and Traditions of Liberalism. CUMBERLAND; GROTIUS; NATURAL LAW.

Philip P. Hallie (1922-1994). Late Griffin Professor, Emeritus, of Philosophy and Humanities, Wesleyan University. Works include Cruelty and Lest Innocent Blood be Shed. CRUELTY.

Alan Hamlin. Professor of Economics, University of Southampton (England). Author, Ethics, Economics and the State. Co-author, Democratic Devices and Desires. Co-editor, The Good Polity. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.

Jean Hampton (1954-1996). Late Professor of Philosophy, University of Arizona. Author, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, and articles on social contract theory, punishment, moral culpability, and liberalism. Co-author, Forgiveness and Mercy. HOBBES.

Russell Hardin. Professor of Politics, New York University. Author, Collective Action; Morality Within the Limits Of Reason; One For All: The Logic Of Group Conflict; and Liberalism, Constitutionalism, and Democracy. Consulting editor. COOPERATION, CONFLICT AND COORDINATION; GAME THEORY; RATIONAL CHOICE; STRATEGIC INTERACTION; TRUST.

John E. Hare. Professor of Philosophy, Calvin College. Author, Plato's Euthyphro; The Moral Gap. Co-author, Ethics and International Affairs. Congressional Fellow, American Philosophical Association, 1981-83. GOVERNMENT, ETHICS IN.

R. M. Hare. Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, University of Florida, Gainesville. Formerly White's Professor of Moral Philosophy, Oxford. Works include The Language of Morals; Freedom and Reason; Moral Thinking; Sorting Out Ethics; and Objective Prescriptions. Consulting editor. MORAL TERMS; PRESCRIPTIVISM; SLAVERY; UNIVERSALIZABILITY; WEAKNESS OF WILL.

George W. Harris. Chancellor Professor of Philosophy, College of William and Mary. Author, Dignity and Vulnerability: Strength and Quality of Character; Agent-Centered Morality: An Aristotelian Alternative to Kantian Internalism. ARISTOTELIAN ETHICS; SELF-ESTEEM; SELF-KNOWLEDGE.

Ross Harrison. Reader in Philosophy, University of Cambridge. Author, Democracy; Bentham. WILLIAMS.

Joseph Heath. Professor of Philosophy, University of Toronto. Author, Communicative Action and Rational Choice. TAYLOR.

Virginia Held. Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York, Graduate School and Hunter College. Works include Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics; Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action; The Public Interest and Individual Interests. Consulting editor. MASS MEDIA; MORAL PLURALISM.

Paul Helm. Reader in Philosophy, University of Liverpool. Author, The Varieties of Belief; Eternal God; other works in the philosophy of religion and epistemology. Consulting editor. CALVIN; RELIGION.

Barbara Herman. Professor of Philosophy, University of California at Los Angeles. Author, The Practice of Moral Judgment, and other works in ethics and Kantian moral theory. DESIRE; MOTIVES.

Steven Hetcher. Assistant Professor, Vanderbilt University School of Law. Works include "Creating Safe Social Norms in a Dangerous World" and "Burning Chrome from the One-way Mirror: The Emergence of Website Privacy Norms." NORMS.

Thomas E. Hill, Jr. Professor of Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Works include Autonomy and Self-Respect and Dignity and Practical Reason. AUTONOMY OF MORAL AGENTS; SELF-RESPECT.

Margaret Holland. Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Northern Iowa. Author of "Touching the Weights: Moral Perception and Attention" and "What's Wrong with Telling the Truth? An Analysis of Gossip." MORAL ATTENTION; MORAL PERCEPTION; MURDOCH.

Helen Bequaert Holmes. Independent scholar. Research interests include assessment of new technology in reproductive medicine. Editor, Feminist Perspectives in Medical Ethics; Issues in Reproductive Technology. REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES.

Sarah Holtman. Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Works include articles on moral, legal, and political philosophy, in particular on Kant's theory of justice. FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIPS.

Brad Hooker. Philosophy, University of Reading (England). Author, Ideal Code, Real World: A Rule-Consequentialist Theory of Morality. SUBJECTIVISM.

Jasper Hopkins. Professor of Philosophy, University of Minnesota. Co-translator and commentator, Anselm's works; translator of Nicholas of Cusa's works. Authored works include Hermeneutical and Textual Problems in the Complete Treatises of St. Anselm and A Companion to the Study of St. Anselm. ANSELM.

Laurence D. Houlgate. Professor of Philosophy, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Author, Family and State: The Philosophy of Family Law; The Child and the State: A Normative Theory of Juvenile Rights; Morals, Marriage and Parenthood: An Introduction to Family Ethics. CHILDREN AND ETHICAL THEORY.

John Howes. President, Learningguild (Brunswick, Victoria, Australia). Formerly, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Melbourne, and Professor of Philosophy, Cape Town. Works include Making Up Sentences and articles on Plato and Mill. CICERO; GREEN; SENECA.

Donald C. Hubin. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Ohio State University. Works include "Parental Rights and Due Process"; "The Moral Justification of Benefit/Cost Analysis"; "What's Special About Humeanism"; and "Hypothetical Motivation". COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.

Paul M. Hughes. Associate Professor of Philosophy, and Chair, Department of Humanities, University of Michigan-Dearborn. Author, "Temptation and the Manipulation of Desire"; "Paternalism, Battered Women, and the Law"; "Moral Anger, Forgiving, and Condoning." anger; hate.V Lester H. Hunt. Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin. Author, Nietzsche and the Origin of Virtue; Character and Culture; and articles on ethics, philosophy of law, and philosophy in literature. envy; generosity.V Thomas Hurka. Professor of Philosophy, University of Calgary. Author, Perfectionism; Virtue, Vice, and Value; and articles on punishment, future generations, and value theory. FUTURE GENERATIONS; PERFECTIONISM.

Kenneth K. Inada. Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, State University of New York, Buffalo. Author, Nagarjuna, and other works on Asian and comparative philosophy. Translator, The Logic of Unity. General editor, Guide to Buddhist Philosophy. JAPAN.

Terence Irwin. Susan Linn Sage Professor of Philosophy and Humane Letters, Cornell University. Works include Aristotle's First Principles; Classical Thought; Plato's Ethics; translations with notes of Plato's Gorgias and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. Consulting editor. ARISTOTLE; PLATO; SOCRATES.

John Claiborne Isbell. Department of French and Italian, Indiana University, Bloomington. Author, The Birth of European Romanticism. STAEL.

Alison M. Jaggar. Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, University of Colorado at Boulder. Author, Feminist Politics and Human Nature; Living With Contradictions: Controversies In Feminist Ethics. Co-editor, Feminist Frameworks. FEMINIST ETHICS.

Deborah G. Johnson. Professor, Director of the Program in Philosophy, Science and Technology, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology. Author, Computer Ethics. Co-editor, Computers, Ethics and Social Values; editor, Ethical Issues in Engineering. COMPUTERS.

Edward Johnson. Professor of Philosophy, University of New Orleans. Author, "Treating the Dirt: Environmental Ethics and Moral Theory"; "Inscrutable Desires"; "Media Ownership"; other works on environmental ethics, philosophy of technology, philosophy of education, and philosophy of sex and love. AGENT-CENTERED MORALITY.

Mark L. Johnson. Professor of Philosophy, University of Oregon. Author, The Body in the Mind and Moral Imagination. Co-author, Metaphors We Live By and Philosophy in the Flesh. COGNITIVE SCIENCE.

David H. Jones. Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, College of William and Mary. Author, Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust and other works in ethics and philosophy of mind. HOLOCAUST; HOMICIDE; INFANTICIDE.

Albert R. Jonsen. Department of Medical History and Ethics, School of Medicine, University of Washington. MEDICAL ETHICS, HISTORICAL.

Robert Welsh Jordan. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Colorado State University. Author of essays on phenomenological value theory, Kafka's and Brentano's ethics, historicality in Husserl's works, and philosophy of social sciences. HARTMANN.

Lynn S. Joy. Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame. Author, Gassendi the Atomist and articles in the philosophy of science and the history of ethics. GASSENDI.

Charles H. Kahn. Professor of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania. Author, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology; The Verb 'Be' in Ancient Greek; The Art and Thought of Heraclitus; Plato and the Socratic Dialogue. HISTORY 1: PRESOCRATIC GREEK.

Morris B. Kaplan. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Purchase College in the State University of New York. Author, Sexual Justice: Democratic Citizenship and the Politics of Desire; "Intimacy and Equality: The Questions of Lesbian and Gay Marriage"; and Sodom on the Thames: Policing Male Desire in Late Victorian London (forthcoming). GAY ETHICS.

Gregory S. Kavka (1947-1994). Late Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Irvine. Author, works on Hobbes, nuclear ethics. BRANDT; DETERRENCE, THREATS AND RETALIATION; NUCLEAR ETHICS.

John Kekes. Professor of Philosophy, State University of New York, Albany. Author, Against Liberalism; A Case for Conservatism; Pluralism in Philosophy: Changing the Subject. BENEVOLENCE; CONSERVATISM; HAPPINESS; LIFE, MEANING OF; MORAL IMAGINATION; WISDOM.

Douglas Kellner. George Kneller Chair in Philosophy of Education, University of California at Los Angeles. Author, Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity; Television and the Crisis of Democracy; Media Culture. Co-author, Camera Politica. CULTURAL STUDIES.

John Kelsay. Professor, Department of Religion, Florida State University. Author, Islam and War. Co-editor and contributor, Just War and Jihad and Cross, Crescent, and Sword. ISLAMIC ETHICS.

Kenneth Kipnis. Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawaii. Author, Legal Ethics; "Confessions of an Expert Ethics Witness"; and other works in practical ethics. Co-editor, Property: Cases, Concepts, Critiques. Editor of various works in legal and social philosophy. BARGAINING.

Eva Feder Kittay. Professor of Philosophy, State University of New York, Stony Brook. Author, Metaphor; Love's Labor: Essays on Women; Equality and Dependency; and other works on philosophy of language, normative ethics, and feminist theory. Co-editor, Frames, Fields, and Contrasts and Women and Moral Theory. HYPOCRISY.

Ted Klein. Professor of Philosophy, Texas Christian University. Co-translator of works by Husserl and Heidegger. Author, articles on Kant, Husserl, Heidegger, Ricoeur, hermeneutical ethics, legal reasoning and analogy. ANALOGICAL ARGUMENT.

John Kleinig. Professor of Philosophy, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Works include Punishment and Desert; Paternalism; and Valuing Life. CONSENT.

George L. Kline. Milton C. Nahm Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Bryn Mawr College. Works include, Spinoza in Soviet Philosophy and Religious and Anti-Religious Thought in Russia. SOVIET ETHICAL THEORY.

Charles H. Koch, Jr. Dudley Warner Woodbridge Professor of Law, College of William and Mary. Works include: Administrative Law and Practice, second; Administrative Law: Cases and Materials; and law journal articles. COOPERATIVE SURPLUS.

Joseph J. Kockelmans. Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, Pennsylvania State University. Works include, On the Truth of Being and Heidegger on Art and Art Works. Editor, books on European philosophy. Consulting editor. CAMUS; HUSSERL; PHENOMENOLOGY.

Marvin Kohl. Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, State University of New York, College at Fredonia. Author, The Morality of Killing. Editor, Beneficent Euthanasia and Infanticide and the Value of Life. BENEFICENCE; EUTHANASIA; LIFE AND DEATH.

Christine M. Korsgaard. Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University. Author of The Sources of Normativity; Creating the Kingdom of Ends; and articles on practical reason and the self in ethics and the history of ethics. Consulting editor. KANT; PRICE; RAWLS.

Jill Kraye. Reader in the History of Renaissance Philosophy, Warburg Institute (London). Editor, Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts. Co-editor, Humanism and Early Modern Philosophy. Editor, Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism. HISTORY 7: RENAISSANCE; NEO-STOICISM.

David Farrell Krell. Professor of Philosophy, DePaul University. Author, Contagion; Archeticture; The Good European; Lunar Voices; Infectious Nietzsche; and Daimon Life. MORTALITY; NIHILISM; SCHELLING.

Norman Kretzmann (1928-1998). Late Susan Linn Sage Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University. Principal editor, The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy. Editor, The Philosophical Review. Consulting editor.

John Lachs. Centennial Professor of Philosophy, Vanderbilt University. Author, Intermediate Man; The Relevance of Philosophy to Life; In Love with Life. AMERICAN MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

Berel Lang. Professor of Humanities, Trinity College (Connecticut). Works include Act and Idea in the Nazi Genocide; The Future of the Holocaust; Holocaust Representation: Art Within the Limits of History and Ethics. genocide; MAIMONIDES.

Judith Lichtenberg. Associate Professor of Philosophy, and Research Scholar, Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, University of Maryland. Editor, Democracy and the Mass Media. Author of essays in moral theory, media ethics, and international ethics. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS ; JOURNALISM.

Ralph Lindgren. William Wilson Selfridge Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Lehigh University. Editor, The Early Writings of Adam Smith. Author, The Social Philosophy of Adam Smith. Co-author, The Law of Sex Discrimination. SMITH.

Shu-hsien Liu. Research Fellow, Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, Academia Sinica, Taipei. Emeritus Professor, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Author, Understanding Confucian Philosophy: Classical and Sung-Ming, and works on Chu Hsi and Huang Tsung-hsi. Editor, Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East & West. CHU HSI.

Loren E. Lomasky. Professor of Philosophy, Bowling Green State University (Ohio). Author, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community. PERSON, CONCEPT OF.

A. A. Long. Professor of Classics, and Irving Stone Professor of Literature, University of California, Berkeley. Author, Hellenistic Philosophy and other works on Greek philosophy and literature. CYNICS; CYRENAICS; HISTORY 3: HELLENISTIC; HISTORY 4: ROMAN.

David Luban. Frederick Haas Professor of Law and Philosophy, Georgetown University Law Center. Author, Lawyers and Justice: An Ethical Study, and other works on political and legal philosophy and on law. ARENDT; LEGAL ETHICS; SECRECY AND CONFIDENTIALITY.

Steven Lukes. Professor of Sociology, New York University. Author, Émile Durkheim, His Life and Work: A Historical and Critical Study; Essays in Social Theory; Individualism; and Marxism and Morality. DURKHEIM; INDIVIDUALISM; POWER.

David Lyons. Professor of Law and of Philosophy, Boston University. Works include Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism; Ethics and the Rule of Law; Moral Aspects of Legal Theory; and Rights, Welfare, and Mill's Moral Theory. Consulting editor. UTILITARIANISM.

Jim MacAdam. Professor Emeritus, Philosophy, Trent University. Works include "What is Prichard's Intuitionism?"; "Obligations: From Common to Uncommon Morality, The Latimer Case"; Prichard, Harold Arthur, (Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy). PRICHARD.

Scott MacDonald. Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University. Author of articles on ancient and medieval ethics, metaphysics, and theory of knowledge. Editor, Being and Goodness and Aquinas's Moral Theory. HISTORY 6: LATER MEDIEVAL.

Alasdair MacIntyre. Research Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame. Works include A Short History of Ethics and After Virtue. VIRTUE ETHICS.

Eric Mack. Professor of Philosophy, Tulane University. Author, "Deontic Restrictions are not Agent-Relative Restrictions" and "In Defence of the Jurisdiction Theory of Rights." Editor, Spencer's The Man Versus the State. LIBERTY, ECONOMIC; SPENCER.

Douglas MacLean. Professor of Philosophy, University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Editor, Values at Risk. RISK ANALYSIS; RISK AVERSION.

Jeffery E. Malpas. Professor of Philosophy, University of Tasmania. Author, Place and Experience; Donald Davidson and the Mirror of Meaning. Editor, Philosophical Papers of Alan Donagan. DONAGAN.

Rudolf Malter (1937-1994). Late Professor of Philosophy, University of Mainz. Author of works on theory of knowledge, metaphysics, aesthetics, Luther, Kant, and Schopenhauer. SCHOPENHAUER.

William E. Mann. Professor of Philosophy, University of Vermont. Author of articles in the philosophy of religion and medieval philosophy. EVIL; PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION; VOLUNTARISM.

Joseph Margolis. Laura H. Carnell Professor of Philosophy, Temple University. Works include The Truth about Relativism and The Persistence of Reality. PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY.

John Marshall. Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, University of Virginia. Author, Descartes's Moral Theory. FENELON; KANTIAN ETHICS.

Judith Martin. Works include the "Miss Manners" books and syndicated column; the novels, Gilbert and Style and Substance; and the essay, "Common Courtesy". ETIQUETTE.

Mike W. Martin. Professor of Philosophy, Chapman University. Works include Self-Deception and Morality; Love's Virtues; Meaningful Work: Rethinking Professional Ethics. SELF-DECEPTION.

Gareth B. Matthews. Professor of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Author, Thought's Ego in Augustine and Descartes; The Philosophy of Childhood; Socratic Perplexity and the Nature of Philosophy. Co-translator of Ammonius's On Aristotle's Categories. AUGUSTINE; MORAL DEVELOPMENT.

Larry May. Professor of Philosophy, Washington University. Author, The Morality of Groups; Sharing Responsibility; The Socially Responsive Self; Masculinity and Morality. Co-author, Praying for a Cure. Co-editor, Collective Responsibility. COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY; PUBLIC AND PRIVATE MORALITY.

William L. McBride. Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University. Co-founder of the Sartre Society of North America. Works include The Philosophy of Marx; Social Theory at a Crossroads; Sartre's Political Theory; Philosophical Reflections on the Changes in Eastern Europe. PRAXIS.

Thomas McCarthy. Professor of Philosophy, Northwestern University. Works include The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas and Ideals and Illusions: On Reconstruction and Deconstruction in Contemporary Critical Theory. Series editor, Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought. HABERMAS.

Henry John McCloskey (1925-2000). Late Emeritus Professor, La Trobe University. Works include Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics; John Stuart Mill; God and Evil; Derechos y sociedad en la filosófica analítica; and Ecological Ethics and Politics. Consulting editor. PAIN AND SUFFERING.

Mary A. McCloskey. Senior Associate in Philosophy, Melbourne University. Works include Kant's Aesthetic. GRATITUDE.

Howard McGary. Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick. Author, Race and Social Justice. Co-author, Between Slavery and Freedom: Philosophy and American Slavery. Consulting editor. GROUPS, MORAL STATUS OF.

Ralph M. McInerny. Director, Jacques Maritain Center, and Grace Professor of Medieval Studies, University of Notre Dame. Works include Boethius and Aquinas and First Glance at St. Thomas Aquinas. ABELARD; THOMAS AQUINAS.

Dennis McKerlie. Professor of Philosophy, University of Calgary. INEQUALITY.

Chrisopher McMahon. Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Santa Barbara. Author of works on moral, political, and social philosophy. AUTHORITY.

John McMurtry. Professor of Philosophy, University of Guelph. Author, The Structure of Marx's World-View; Understanding War; Unequal Freedoms: The Global Market as an Ethical System; The Cancer Stage of Capitalism; and other works in value theory and social philosophy. COMPETITION; FORMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.

Alfred R. Mele. Professor of Philosophy, Florida State University. Works include Irrationality; Springs of Action; Autonomous Agents; and Self-Deception Unmasked. SELF-CONTROL; TEMPERANCE.

Susan Mendus. Professor of Political Philosophy, and Director of the Morrell Studies in Toleration Program, University of York. Works include Toleration and the Limits of Liberalism. Editor, Justifying Toleration. Co-editor, John Locke's Letter on Toleration in Focus. TOLERATION.

Michael J. Meyer. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Santa Clara University. Co-editor, The Constitution of Rights: Human Dignity and American Values. Author of works in ethics and political philosophy. DIGNITY.

Mary Midgley. Formerly Senior Lecturer, University of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Author, Beast and Man; Wickedness; Heart and Mind; Wisdom, Information and Wonder; Animals and Why They Matter; Can't We Make Moral Judgements? WICKEDNESS.

Richard W. Miller. Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University. Works include Fact and Method; Analyzing Marx; Moral Differences; and articles on justice, moral realism, Marx, and explanation and confirmation in the sciences. MARXISM; MORAL REALISM.

Seumas Miller. Professor of Social Philosophy, and Director, Special Research Centre in Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, Charles Sturt University, Canberra, Australia. Author, Social Action. Co-author, Police Ethics. CONVENTIONS.

Phillip Mitsis. Professor of Classics, and Director, Alexander S. Onassis Program in Hellenic Studies, New York University. Works include Epicurus' Ethical Theory: The Pleasures of Invulnerability. EPICUREANISM; EPICURUS; LUCRETIUS.

Richard D. Mohr. Professor of Philosophy, University of Illinois, Urbana. Works include The Platonic Cosmology and Gays/Justice: A Study of Ethics, Society, and Law. HOMOSEXUALITY.

Arthur P. Monahan. Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Saint Mary's University (Halifax, Nova Scotia). Author, Consent, Coercion and Limit and From Personal Duties Towards Personal Rights. Translator of medieval political works. COMMON GOOD.

Edward F. Mooney. Professor of Philosophy, Sonoma State University. Author, Selves in Discord and Resolve: Kierkegaard's Moral-Religious Psychology; Knights of Faith and Resignation: Reading Kierkegaard's "Fear and Trembling." Editor, Wilderness and the Heart; other works on Kierkegaard, ethics, and philosophy in literature. SYMPATHY.

Kathleen Dean Moore. Professor of Philosophy, Oregon State University. Author, Pardons: Justice, Mercy, and the Public Interest; Reasoning and Writing; and Holdfast. AMNESTY AND PARDON.

Ebrahim Moosa. Professor of Islamic Thought, Stanford University and the University of Cape Town. Author, "Languages of Change in Islamic Law: Redefining Death in Modernity"; "Allegory of the Rule (Hukm): Law as Simulacrum in Islam." Editor, Revival and Reform in Islam: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism. SHI-ISM; SUNNISM.

Christopher Morris. Professor of Philosophy, Bowling Green State University. Author, An Essay on the Modern State and essays on contractarian ethics and other topics. Editor, The Social Contract Theorists: Critical Essays on Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. CONTRACTARIANISM.

Mary Mothersill. Professor of Philosophy, Barnard College, Columbia University. Author, Beauty Restored. FITTINGNESS.

Janice Moulton. Philosophy, Smith College. Co-author, Ethical Problems in Higher Education; Scaling the Dragon; and The Organization of Language. ACADEMIC FREEDOM; PLAGIARISM.

Amy Mullin. Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Toronto. Author of works in feminist philosophy, the history of philosophy, and aesthetics. MORAL PURITY.

Jeffrie G. Murphy. Regents Professor of Law and Philosophy, Arizona State University. Author, Retribution, Justice and Therapy; Character, Liberty and Law. Co-author, The Philosophy of Law and Forgiveness and Mercy. FORGIVENESS; LEGAL PHILOSOPHY.

Steven Nadler. Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Author, books and articles in the history of early modern philosophy, including Spinoza: A Life. MALEBRANCHE.

Jan Narveson. Professor of Philosophy, University of Waterloo (Ontario). Author, Morality and Utility; The Libertarian Idea; and Moral Matters. ENTITLEMENTS.

Daniel Nelson. Senior Associate Dean of the College, Dartmouth College. Author of works on virtue theory and on Thomas Aquinas. PRUDENCE.

Mark T. Nelson. Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Leeds. Co-editor, Christian Theism and Moral Philosophy. Author of works in ethics, philosophy of religion, epistemology and philosophy of mind. THEISM.

James W. Nickel. Professor of Philosophy, University of Colorado, Boulder. Author, Making Sense of Human Rights; "Group Agency and Group Rights"; "Economic Liberties." HUMAN RIGHTS.

Kai E. Nielsen. Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, University of Calgary. Works include Marxism and the Moral Point of View; Philosophy and Atheism; Ethics Without God; and After the Demise of the Tradition. ATHEISM; ENGELS; MORAL POINT OF VIEW; MURPHY; REVOLUTION.

Michael Nill. Head of School, Brooklyn Friends School (Brooklyn). Author, Morality and Self-Interest in Protagoras, Antiphon, and Democritus. DEMOCRITUS; PROTAGORAS; SOPHISTS.

Martha Nussbaum. Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago. Works include The Fragility of Goodness; Love's Knowledge; The Therapy of Desire; Poetic Justice; Cultivating Humanity; Sex and Social Justice; and Women and Human Development. Consulting editor. CHARACTER; LITERATURE AND ETHICS; TRAGEDY.

Timothy O'Connor. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University. Author, Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will, and articles in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of religion. CAUSATION AND RESPONSIBILITY.

Onora O'Neill. Newnham College, Cambridge. Author, Faces of Hunger: An Essay on Poverty, Justice, and Development; Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy; Towards Justice and Virtue; Bounds of Justice. Consulting editor. CHARITY; DUTY AND OBLIGATION; FORMALISM; INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE: DISTRIBUTION.

Gene Outka. Dwight Professor of Philosophy and Christian Ethics, Yale University. Author, Agape: An Ethical Analysis. Co-editor, Prospects for a Common Morality; Norm and Context in Christian Ethics; Religion and Morality. KIERKEGAARD; LOVE.

Richard D. Parry. Fuller E. Callaway Professor of Philosophy, Agnes Scott College. Works include, Plato's Craft of Justice; "The Unique World of the Timaeus"; "The Uniqueness Proof of Forms in Republic X"; "Morality and Happiness: Book IV of Plato's Republic"; and "The Craft of Justice." EUDAIMONIA, -ISM.

Terence Penelhum. Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies, University of Calgary. Author, God and Skepticism; Themes in Hume; Survival and Disembodied Existence; Religion and Rationality; Butler. BUTLER.

Derk Pereboom. Professor and Chair, Department of Philosophy, University of Vermont. Author of Living Without Free Will. FREE WILL.

Philip Pettit. Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University. Author, The Common Mind: From Intentional Psychology to Social and Political Theory; Republicanism; The Fundamentals of Freedom. Co-author, Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice. INSTITUTIONS.

Derek L. Phillips. Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Works include Toward a Just Social Order and Looking Backward. Consulting editor. SOCIOLOGY; WEBER.

Roger Pilon. Vice President for Legal Affairs, B. Kenneth Simon Chair in Constitutional Studies, and Director, Center for Constitutional Studies, Cato Institute. Author of works in law and legal theory. GEWIRTH.

Edmund L. Pincoffs (1919-1991). Late Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Texas at Austin. Works include The Rationale of Legal Punishment and Quandaries and Virtues: Against Reductivism in Ethics. MORAL COMMUNITY, BOUNDARIES OF; VIRTUES.

Gerald J. Postema. Cary C. Boshamer Professor of Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Editor, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Law; former Fellow, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study. Author, Bentham and the Common Law Tradition; and Jeremy Bentham: Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy. BENTHAM.

George Proctor. Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Sonoma State University. Author of works on the history and philosophy of science. DUNS SCOTUS.

Susan M. Purviance. Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Toledo (Ohio). Works include "The Moral Self and the Indirect Passions"; "The Facticity of Kant's Fact of Reason"; "Social Meliorism, Virtue, and Vice: Bernard Mandeville"; and other articles on ethical theory, the history of ethics, and health care ethics. JAMES MILL.

Ruth Anna Putnam. Professor of Philosophy, Emerita, Wellesley College. Works include "Perceiving Facts and Values"; "Some of Life's Ideals"; "Why Not a Feminist theory of Justice?"; Neither A Beast Nor a God. Editor, The Cambridge Companion to William James. JAMES; PRAGMATISM.

Andrew Pyle. Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol. Author, Atomism and Its Critics. Editor, Agnosticism: Contemporary Responses to Spencer and Huxley. General Editor, Dictionary of Seventeenth Century British Philosophers. AGNOSTICISM.

Philip L. Quinn. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame. Author, Divine Commands and Moral Requirements. Co-editor, A Companion to Philosophy of Religion and The Philosophical Challenge of Religious Diversity. THEOLOGICAL ETHICS.

James Rachels. University Professor of Philosophy, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Works include The End of Life: Euthanasia and Morality and Created From Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism. KILLING AND LETTING DIE; THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Stuart Rachels. Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Alabama. Articles include "Counterexamples to the Transitivity of Better Than", "Is it Good to Make Happy People?", and "Is Unpleasantness Intrinsic to Unpleasant Experiences?" INTRANSITIVITY.

Diane C. Raymond. Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, Simmons College. Author, Existentialism and the Philosophical Tradition; Looking at Gay and Lesbian Life. Editor, Sexual Politics and Popular Culture. WORK.

Andrews Reath. Professor of Philosophy, University of California at Riverside. Works include articles on the history of ethics, in particular on Kant's moral philosophy. CATEGORICAL AND HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVES; CONSTRUCTIVISM; ROUSSEAU.

Tom Regan. Professor of Philosophy, North Carolina State University. Works include: The Case for Animal Rights; Bloomsbury's Prophet: G. E. Moore and the Development of his Moral Philosophy; and The Thee Generation. Consulting editor. ANIMALS, TREATMENT OF; MOORE; ROSS.

Frank Reynolds. Professor of History of Religious and Buddhist Studies, the Divinity School and the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago. Co-editor, Cosmogony and Ethical Order. HINDU ETHICS.

David A. J. Richards. Edwin D. Webb Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. Works include: Identity and the Case for Gay Rights; Italian American: The Racializing of an Ethnic Identity; Free Speech and the Politics of Identity; A Theory of Reasons for Action; Toleration and the Constitution; and Foundations of American Constitutionalism. CENSORSHIP.

Norvin Richards. Professor of Philosophy, University of Alabama. Works include Humility; "Forgiveness"; "Luck and Desert"; and "Criminal Children." HUMILITY.

Henry Richardson. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Georgetown University. Author, Practical Reasoning about Final Ends; "Specifying Norms as a Way to Resolve Concrete Ethical Problems"; "Beyond Good and Right: Towards a Constructive Ethical Pragmatism." COMMENSURABILITY.

John Robertson. Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Syracuse University. Works include "Internalism about Moral Reasons" and "Hume on Practical Reason". EXTERNALISM AND INTERNALISM.

George Robinson. Psychology, Smith College. Co-author, Ethical Problems in Higher Education; Scaling the Dragon; and The Organization of Language. ACADEMIC FREE