Guidelines for Contributors

Style Guidelines

• Make cross references to other entries (either main or appendix entries) by listing these items as See also at the end of your entry.
  
  
• For direct quotations of a sentence or more, give the source immediately following. Use the author's last name, date, and page reference in parentheses and list the full citation in the Further Reading section at the end of the article. Do not use footnotes.
  
  
• Use American English spelling, not British. Spelling will be standardized to conform with American usage as found in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th edition.
  
  
• Foreign words should be italicized if not found in Merriam-Webster's 10th edition.
  
  
• Please be consistent in your use of special characters and diacritics. If you cannot insert special characters in your electronic copy, please indicate on a hard copy where these should appear.
  
  
• In general, use English equivalents for foreign place names. For example, use Vienna not Wien and Venice not Venezia.
  
  
• Spell out names of organizations and acronyms at first use, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses; use full names, or first name and initial with surnames at first mention.
  
  
• All text from non-roman alphabets should be transliterated in roman characters.
  
  
• Do not write in the first person (singular or plural).
  
  
• When referring to events happening now (e.g., a critical re-evaluation of a photographer), do not use terms such as "currently," "recent," or "latest," which become meaningless soon after publication and make the article dated. Give the specific year or decade (e.g., "by 1999," or "from 2000 to 2003").

Bibliographical Style

Every main entry (i.e., not appendix entries) must include a list of Further Readings, preferably of at least six to ten items, or up to sixteen in the case of the longer survey articles. The citations should be of works that will help the reader find more detail about subjects or issues mentioned in the essay. In most cases the citations should be of books about the subject, but they can also include papers in scholarly journals and individual chapters in edited volumes. For more thinly covered topics, references to magazine or newspaper articles are also acceptable.

• All titles of journals or magazines must be written out in full.
  
  
• All titles in a non-roman script must be transliterated into roman characters.
  
  
• For all titles in languages other than English, please provide a literal English translation in square brackets after the original title.

Please use the following format for all citations:

For books:
Author's last name, first name. Title in Italic, place of publication (city): publisher's full name, date published (year).

For edited volumes and reference works:
Author's last name, first name. "Title of Chapter/Entry" in Book Title, edited by Editor's full name, place of publication: publisher, date published (year).

For journal articles:
Author's last name, first name. "Title of Article" in Title of Journal, volume and issue, year, full page range.

For magazine and newspaper articles:
Author's last name, first name. "Title of Article" in Title of Magazine/Newspaper, date of publication (enough to identify a specific issue), page range.

Category Scope Descriptions

1. Companies: Name the date and place of founding of the company. Name the principal founders and give some background as to how they came to found the company. Describe the areas of photography in which the company operated (e.g., studio portraits, location photographs, art photography, photographic equipment, postcards, etc.) and the characteristic features of the company's work for which it is noted. Mention the influence the company had on the work of other individuals or companies. How widespread were the company's operations and how widely available were its products? If the company has ceased to operate, describe the circumstances.

2. 2. Formats: Give a physical description of the format and describe what function it fulfilled. Say when and where the format first appeared and who developed it (if any of these are known). Was it a completely new format or an adaptation of an existing, pre-photographic one? Describe the typical photographic process and production process that was used in producing images for this format. If the format eventually disappeared, explain why that is likely to have happened.

3. 3. National and regional surveys: These entries serve two main purposes: to act as an introduction for the layperson to the development of photography within the country or region concerned and to enable readers to find a source of cross references to the individual entries that provide more detail on the photographers, companies, processes, or groups mentioned. Entries should be organized on a broadly chronological basis, starting from the first introduction of photography to that country or region. Describe what groups of people began to practice photography; what the typical subjects of their photographs were; what processes or equipment they most commonly used. What aspects of that country's society encouraged or hindered the development of photography there? If appropriate, describe the main artistic or aesthetic concerns that seem to characterize the photography from that country or region. Mention should be made, however briefly, of as many people as possible from that country who are the subject of individual entries (both main and appendix) to enable cross references to be made.

4. 4. Photographers, inventors, patrons, and critics: All main entries on individuals should be followed by a separate paragraph (not included in the main word count) that summarizes biographical details about the subject (in prose please, not as a C. V.) so that the essay can concentrate on an evaluation of the work. The biographical summary should include as many as possible of the following: full name, date and place of birth, parentage, education/training and professional life, location of studios or principal places of photographic work, marriage and children, and date and place of death. Exhibitions during the lifetime (with dates) and publications by the person (with dates) may be listed at the end. Please limit to about 150 words if possible. (This can be exceeded if there are many exhibitions or publications.)

   Some individuals will fall under more than one of the following headings. Please try to cover as many points as possible from all the relevant categories:

   1. Photographers: Describe how the person became involved with photography; the main subject matter of the photographs; the techniques, processes, and equipment most typically used; the aesthetic and artistic characteristics of the work that make it identifiable as his or hers; the influences from other photographers or other art forms that emerge in the work, and the influence the work had in turn on that of other photographers. Give an impression of how the work was viewed at the time and how it has come to be regarded today. Mention the most important collections in which the work (negatives, original prints) is held.
      
   2. Inventors: Describe how the person became involved with photography; the steps of reasoning and experimentation he or she followed in trying to solve a particular problem; the stages of technical development through which the equipment or photographic process passed; the influence the invention had on photographers, and how the inventor was viewed by contemporaries as a result. Include references to all the relevant processes or equipment given separate entries in the encyclopedia.
      
   3. Patrons: Describe what drew the patron to photography and how (through financial help or social influence) he or she dispersed the patronage; what photographers were supported and in what way; the influence the patron and the patron's support had on those photographers' work.
      
   4. Critics: Describe the elements of the critic's background that led him or her to an interest in photography. What circumstances led the person to become involved with it? Who were the main photographers and photographic movements that they wrote about? What were the principal arguments and attitudes, and how did they effect the photographers' work and how that work was viewed by the wider world.

   
   

5. Processes: Describe the chronological context of the process, what came before it and what after (if anything); who invented it, and in what circumstances; what aspects of a preceding process it attempted to improve, and how successful it was in doing so; the principal chemical ingredients and reactions that define the process; the appearance of photographs made with this process (including characteristic coloration); the advantages and disadvantages the process brought to photography; the subject matter, techniques, and formats to which the process was particularly suited; and the major photographers who used the process. Give examples of photographs that illustrate the important qualities of the process.

6. Publications:
   
   1. Decade surveys: Describe the main characteristics of books from that decade that distinguish them from books of the preceding and following decades, both in terms of technical production and characteristic subject matter. Mention the principal titles, taking examples from as wide a geographical area as possible. As many as possible of the publications mentioned should be included in the Further Reading list (see Bibliographical Style notes above for format).
      
   2. Individual publications: Give date and place of publication and author or principal contributors. Summarize main contents and the influence the publication had on photographers or the general public at the time.
      
   3. Serial publications: Name the founder(s); give dates of first and last publication and an idea of the typical number of copies sold and in what territories; name the principal contributors, if known. Summarize the subjects covered by the publication and the influence it had on photographers or the general public at the time.
   
   
7. Societies, groups, institutions, and exhibitions:
   
   1. National surveys: Entries should be organized on a broadly chronological basis, summarizing the formal and informal bodies and exhibitions that stimulated the development of photography in the geographic area or territory concerned. Give an impression of the impact they have had on photography in those territories. Mention should be made of all the bodies that have individual entries in the encyclopedia for cross-referencing purposes.
      
   2. Societies and groups: Describe when and where the society was founded, who its principal founders were, and what they hoped to achieve by setting up the society. Describe its activities, its average number of members, and the influence it had on photography in the geographic areas in which it operated. If it no longer exists, describe how and in what circumstances it ceased functioning. If it still exists, give a summary of its current operations and purpose.
      
   3. Institutions: Describe how and when the institution began to be involved in collecting or promoting photography; how its collection has developed, including the contribution of its major curators, and what its principal strengths are; the major photographers represented in its collection, and the approximate numbers of items of different kinds that it holds.
      
   4. Exhibitions: Describe how, when, and where the exhibition came to be organized and by whom; summarize their purpose in promoting the exhibition; the most important photographs that were shown there and the impact the exhibition had on the public's perception of those photographs and their creators.
      
      

8. Technical and equipment:
   
   1. Camera and lens surveys: Describe the technical development of cameras or lenses during the period concerned, in chronological order, with reference to the chemical and printing processes in use at the time, the inventors who developed the equipment, and the photographers who used it. Describe the principal improvements in performance that each stage of development brought.
      
   2. Other equipment and techniques: Describe when the equipment or technique was first developed and by whom; the new possibilities that it allowed for taking or printing photographs and the effect this had on photographers' work; the main improvements that were made to its operation during the nineteenth century and how widespread its use was.
      
      

9. Themes:
   
   1. Decade and historical surveys: The purpose of the decade entries ("History") is to give a chronological focus to the development of photography in order to clarify, as far as possible, the influence or succession of one development upon another wherever they occurred in the world. Within each period, the development of equipment, processes, techniques, and formats should be summarized, but the main emphasis should be on how the photographers of the period developed the aesthetic and technical range of photography. The thematic surveys of historical subjects (e.g., "Photography as a profession") should give the historical and social context of photography as that context developed during the century in relation to the theme. Examples in all entries should be taken from as wide a geographical range as possible.
      
   2. Other themes: Describe how the theme either developed from a pre-photographic precursor or was a new possibility created by photography itself. How did photography change or influence the way in which the theme was seen by the public or by photographers? Describe the main media and markets through which photography related to the theme was made available. Examples should be taken from as wide a geographical range as possible.

Appendix: Minor and Emerging Figures
Although the main entries on people (category 4 above) are primarily evaluative, the short appendix entries of 200 words each are to be largely biographical. Information, written in prose style and not as a C.V., should be provided on as many as possible of the following: full name, date and place of birth, parentage and education; profession (if not a professional photographer), location of studios or principal places of photographic work; date and place of death; generic description of the characteristic type of photographic work with titles and dates of the best known individual photographs or collections.

Illustrations
Many of the entries in the Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography will be accompanied by an illustration. The majority of illustrations will be devoted to works by photographers with individual entries in the book (category 4 Photographers), but survey entries might also lend themselves to illustrations. If you are asked to provide illustrations or if you wish to suggest an illustration for your article, please note the following:

• Only black and white glossies, slides, or electronic files are accepted.
  
  
• Electronic image files must reproduce as at least 300 dpi at printed size in the book (usually ¼ page size), grayscale, and must be in TIFF or EPS format.
  
  
• Contributor is responsible for a caption with source and complete copyright information.

If you have further questions, please contact Beth Renner, Assistant Development Editor, Routledge Reference/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc., at the project email address: 19cphotog@taylorandfrancis.com.

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